Csd Chapter 4 & 5

Front 1

Brain and Nervous System Structure

Back 1

structures that allow for the understanding and language production of speech and language

Front 2

Speech production system

Back 2

controlled by the brain and nervous system- allows for the actual sounds to be produced and articulated

Front 3

Neuron

Back 3

10 billion plus- these are basic units that transmits information from one part of the nervous system to another

Front 4

Dendrites

Back 4

the branches- Alzheimer's degenative brain disease where language and memories deteriorate in the brain- when someone has this disease, the center of the neuron gets tangled so the information cant be communicated and a sticky protein substance blocks the transmission from one neuron to the next

Front 5

Afferent Neurons

Back 5

transmits information into the system- sensory, sensory means input (comprehension, receptive language, etc..)

Front 6

Efferent Neurons

Back 6

motor- transmits information for structures to move
think E- for effort
-- motor neuron allows you to move, takes info away from the system

Front 7

Glial cells

Back 7

at one time were thought to be brain junk/packing material
- take up to 75% of the brain cells (
- help control and turn on and off the other neuron
- helps chemicals to go from one cell to another
- the genetic code for Alzheimers and austism

Front 8

Synapses

Back 8

the only way in which one neuron communicates with another- goes from the end branch of one axon to another- a function of electirical activity and chemicals that act as neurotransmititers
- electrochemical response

Front 9

Parkinson's Disease

Back 9

chemical problem which afffects communication and movement. caused by reduction in dopamine which inhibits movement and smooth motor movement)
a seizure is an abnormal electrical activity in the brain
an electrochemical balance is important

Front 10

Cerebrum

Back 10

there are four lobes: frontal, parietal; temporal; occipital

Front 11

Frontal Lobe

Back 11

motor planning and execution
- important for thought processes, coming up with what to say- sends signals to the mouth to produce sounds
Alcohol impacts your judgement and impulsivity- depresses the ability of the neurons to communicate together

Front 12

Temporal Lobe

Back 12

auditory processing, after your ear hears sound, cranial nerve takes the sound to the brain & interprets it -- Wernicke's area

Front 13

Wernicke's Area

Back 13

named after Dr. Carl Wernicke; German neurologist who discovered a lot of people with that area damaged; comprehension – where strokes can occur

Front 14

corpus collosum

Back 14

connecting pathways that go from one hemisphere to the next
o 8-12% of the population is left handed
o 6-8% of left handed people are right-hemisphere dominant for language
o For everything to work, the two hemisphere must communicate with each others

Front 15

Basal Ganglia

Back 15

regulates oral motor movement
not on the cortical (cortex/ outer) surface
subcortical structures- below the level of the cortex
needs dopamine to smooth movement

Front 16

Thalamus

Back 16

channels sensorimotor information to thhe cortex: refly center for motor information coming down and sensory coming up
2 way road: takes sensory info to the brain and channels away from the cortex

Front 17

Brain Stem

Back 17

provides the communicative and structural link between the brain and the spinal cord, comes out of the back and the brain, continuing part of the motor pathway

Front 18

midbrain

Back 18

contains structure that help to regulate movement and produces chemicals that help to regulate movement

Front 19

pons

Back 19

relay stations that carries signals from various parts of the cerebral cortex, also helps to regulate breathing

Front 20

medulla

Back 20

contains CN nuclei and regulates respiration, phonation, heart beat and blood pressure, contains cranial nerves

Front 21

Cerebellum

Back 21

coordination of fine motor movement, when you drink alcohol you slut your speech

Front 22

Spinal Cord

Back 22

31 pairs of spinal nerves; contains both sensory and motor fibers

Front 23

peripheral nervous system

Back 23

nerves that extend from the central nervous system are divided up into highly specialized functions- here are four keys ones for speech and language

Front 24

Cranial nerves

Back 24

always start and end in the brain stem
referred to as roman numerals

Front 25

V

Back 25

trigeminal nerve- important for the face and moving jaw
helps with sensory movement- moving lips, mouth

Front 26

VII

Back 26

facial, important for the tongue, face, lips, kind of similar to the trigeminal: both important for articulation

Front 27

VIII

Back 27

Auditory (Vestibulocochlear): only need to know “auditory”
- hearing and balance
- the sound comes into the ear, the ear has to work to hear the sound, then it goes through the VII cranial nerve to the temporal lobe, which interprets what it means

Front 28

X

Back 28

vagus- controls vocal fold movements --- ewww video
the outer surroundng is the larngeal structure and the vocal folds are in the middle
- o The vagus nerve winds around the heart and can be damaged during heart surgery, leaving them with a paralyzed vocal cord for a short period of time

Front 29

XII

Back 29

Hypoglossal
tongue= gossal
helps to control stuff around

Front 30

Boca's Area

Back 30

surrounding tissue of the prosterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus are important for the programming movements for speech production