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210 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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All primary _______ and ______ regions are _________, either directly or indirectly. This allows for constant __________ within and between the __________ of the brain. This is referred to as __________.
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sensory
motor connected interaction hemispheres connectivity |
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All neurological interactions are _________ through the _____. This is referred to as __________ of _____.
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mediated
CNS centrality CNS |
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The brain is organized from ________ to ________ levels of functioning from the lowest at the ________ ________ (reflexive responses) to the highest at the ________ (higher level sensorimotor and mental functions). This is referred to as ___________ of __________ ___________.
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lower
higher spinal cord cortex hierarchy of neuraxial organization |
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Although the left hemisphere is __________ dominant, the two cerebral hemispheres are otherwise largely __________. This is referred to as _________ ____________.
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language
similar bilateral symmetry |
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As the brain __________, each hemisphere acquires ___________ in different skills. This is referred to as __________ ___________ __________.
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develops
dominance unilateral functional differences |
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All sensory and motor fibers cross over (_________) at the body's ________, so the left hemisphere controls the ______ side of the body, and the right hemisphere the ______ side. This is referred to as ______________ ______________ __________.
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decussate
midline right left contralateral sensorimotor control |
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Different systems have __________ nerve cells and although they run __________ to each other in many cases, they have ____________ functions. This is true for _________ and ________ pathways. This is referred to as _________ ___________ ____________.
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specialized
parallel different sensory motor functionally specialized networking |
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An orderly visual map of neural functions called a ____________ ____________ can be used to identify neural structures and their __________. This is referred to as _______________ organization of __________ _________.
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somatosensory homunuculus
functions topographical cortical pathways |
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The brain exhibits the ability to __________ and ________ tissue functions and ________ to internal and external changes. This is referred to as __________ in the brain.
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reorganize
modify adapt plasticity |
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The brain doesn't vary significantly by ________, ______, or _________. This is referred to as a ___________ _________ _________.
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culture
color gender culturally neutral brain |
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A collection of nerve cells in the CNS.
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nucleus or ganglion
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A collection of nerve fibers that share a common origin in the CNS.
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tract or faciculus (several tracts)
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Referring to the central part of the body.
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axial
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A collection of nerve cells in the PNS.
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ganglion
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A bundle of fibers in the PNS.
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nerve or nerve trunk
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Referring to the limbs.
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appendicular
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Relative to the front and back of the developed body (nose as the most anterior head structure).
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anterior vs. posterior
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Relative to the top and bottom of the embryonic nervous system.
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dorsal vs. ventral
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Relative to top of head vs. bottom of feet.
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superior vs. inferior
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Relative to the beak vs. the tail or tail-end of the head.
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rostral vs. caudal
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Close to midline and farther from midline.
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medial and lateral
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Cross-sections cutting along the dorsal/ventral axis or neuraxis - in the horizontal plane.
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transverse or coronal
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Divides the body into precise right-left halves.
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sagittal
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The central nervous system (CNS) consists of what?
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Brain
-Cerebrum (Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, diencephalon) -Cerebellum -Brainstem Spinal Cord |
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The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of what?
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cranial nerves
spinal nerves |
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The somatic nervous system consists of _________ nerve fibers that send ________ information to the ________ nervous system AND _______ nerve fibers that project to ________ muscle.
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peripheral
sensory central motor skeletal |
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The autonomic nervous system is described in what two ways?
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sympathetic
parasympathetic |
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What part of the autonomic nervous system allows the body to function under stress and utilizes fight or flight?
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sympathetic
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What part of the autonomic nervous system controls vegetative functions?
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parasympathetic
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The nervous system is a _______ information__________ system. It needs to ________ provide an __________ representation of the __________ world and enable/cause us to ____ on that information.
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complex
processing quickly internal external act |
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What is our most complex organ system?
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our nervous system
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The nervous system is ____________ expensive/greedy, using ____ of our _______ to run/maintain.
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metabolically
20% oxygen |
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Neurons make up only _____% of _____________ cells.
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2-10%
10 billion |
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The majority of nervous system cells are satellite (______) cells, which serve ___________ functions.
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gilal
supportive |
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There are about ____ times as many glial cells as ________ and they make up more than ______ the volume of the nervous system.
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10
neurons half |
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Provide the myelin sheath around axons in the PNS.
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schwann cells
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Remove dead cells and other waste.
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microglia
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Form myelin around the axons in the CNS.
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oligodendroglia
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Make up the connective tissue in the CNS.
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astrocytes
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The most important cells in the nervous system.
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neurons
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Neurons are the means by which ________ ___________ are ___________ from one part of the _________ __________ to the other.
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neural impulses
transmitted nervous system |
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Neurons share many ________ with other ______.
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features
cells |
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Neurons __________ by having long __________ and being __________ (this means that they have built up ____________ potential - __________ potential - that is poised to change).
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specialize
processes irritable electrical action |
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Neurons are similar in function to cells in the _________ system.
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endocrine
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___________ cells release a chemical signal to trigger another organ to _________, _________, or ______. Neural signaling is _______ and more __________.
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endocrine
secrete contract relax faster directed |
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Cell axons, or nerve fibers make up _______ in the PNS and _______ in the CNS.
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nerves
tracts |
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Groups of nerve bodies are _________ in the PNS and ________ in the CNS.
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ganglia
nuclei |
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Relative terms describing the flow of neural impulses.
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efferent
afferent |
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Carries information away from the CNS (eg ______ nerves).
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efferent
motor |
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Carries information toward the CNS (eg _______ nerves).
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sensory
afferent |
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The structure of the neuron includes?
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cell body
an axon many dendrites myelin sheath supporting cells |
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The supporting cells of the neuron manufacture _______-_____________ in the CNS and __________ _______ in the PNS.
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myelin-oligodendroglia
schwann cells |
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Carry info toward the cell body.
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dendrites
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Carries info away from the cell body to another neuron, muscle, or gland.
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axon
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Axons divide into ____________, at the end of each ___________ is a ________ __________.
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telodendria
telodendria terminal bouton |
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Terminal boutons contain?
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acetylcholine (Ach) a neurotransmitter
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Nerves/tracts are made up of ___________ of neurons that form a ___________ ____________.
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bundles
common pathway |
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__________ gives a whitish appearance to a ________ and acts as an ___________ that promotes ___________ in sending information.
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Myelin
neuron insulator speed |
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Points in the myelin sheath that are incomplete.
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nodes of ranvier
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Myelin has varying ____________.
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thickness
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Found in the CNS and don't have the capacity to regenerate or repair themselves if damaged.
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oligodendroglia
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Found in the PNS and DO have the potential to regenerate or repair themselves if damaged.
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schwann cells
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Oligodendroglia and schwann cells share what common function?
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insulate axons
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Like all cells, neurons are basically "water" (_________) filled _____. This liquid cell content or ___________ is confined by a ___________ ___________.
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plasma
sacks cytoplasm plasma membrane |
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The __________ side of the membrane is _________, and consequently it is ___________ (water loving).
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phosphate
polar hydrophilic |
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The ______ (fat) side of the membrane is __________ (what hating). Water can't _________.
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lipid
hydrophobic penetrate |
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Plasma membranes have ________ _________________ embedded within them that serve as __________ for molecules to pass through the ________.
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protein macromolecules
channels lipid |
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Some channels will open or close in response to _________, _________, or __________ stimulation - these are _______.
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chemical
electrical mechanical gated |
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Some channels are open all the time (____-_________), but can be __________ regarding what molecules they let pass.
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non-gated
selective |
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Non-gated channels bring about the plasma membrane __________ __________.
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resting potential
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Gated channels enable _________ ___________ and __________ ______________.
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action potentials
synaptic potentials |
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The resting potential refers to the potential for __________ to _____ or move due to a _____________ in the ____________ charge across the plasma membrane.
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current
flow difference electrical |
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Electrical charge is provided by:
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ions (charged particles)
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Flow is brought about by the ____________ of ion ___________ _____________ and ____________ ____________.
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interaction
concentration gradients electrical gradients |
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There is approximately ___ times more K+ (__________ ions) __________ the cell than _________. This creates a strong ___________ ____________ that makes K+ want to ______.
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20
potassium inside outside concentration gradient exit |
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Non-gated ion channels permit K+ to _______ the membrane, this is the key to bring about the ___________ __________.
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cross
resting potential |
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There are many ___________ charged molecules within the cell that attract K+, causing an __________ ____________. These opposing forces both act on K+, but the _____________ ______________ (the push to exit) is strong enough to maintain an electrical charge.
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negatively
electrical gradient concentration gradient |
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There is about _____ more Na+ (________) _________ of the cell compared to _________ the cell. Therefore, Na+ has a ____________ ____________ opposite that of K+ and an ___________ _________ that pushes it into the neuron.
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10x
sodium outside inside concentration gradient electrical gradient |
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Na+ doesn't enter the cell to balance these gradients because:
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It can't pass those non-gated channels
Non-gated channels are selectively permeable for K+ Only slightly accepting of Na+ |
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When does the charge across the membrane now have the cell in an excitable state, since there is potential for current flow?
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during the resting potential
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The membrane and its ion selective channels maintain the resting potential until?
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something happens to open other channel types
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The resting potential is maintained by the _________ of negative to positive _____, that is there are more negative and fewer positive ions _______ the cells and more positive and fewer negative ions _______ the cell.
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balance
ions inside outside |
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When an event (mechanical or chemical) affects a neuron's plasma membrane and excites or inhibits the cell.
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perturbation
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When excitatory, the channels open-negative ions flow ___ and positive ions flow ___.
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out
in |
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An abrupt change in the electrical activity of the neuron spurs what?
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action potential
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At rest, the axon plasma membrane is _________.
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polarized
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Gated channels open if the membrane is ___________ ________ (during action potential).
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depolarized enough
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When the threshold of the electrically-gated channels is reached, an __________ of ________ _______ occurs. This is an ______ ___ ______ __________.
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explosion
channel activity all or none response |
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Generated by the opening and closing of gated channels.
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action potential
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Gated channels are open for how long?
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3 ms (very briefly)
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During Na+ inactivation, the gated Na+ channels are unable to open, regardless of stimulus strength. This is the _____________ ____________ _____________.
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absolute refractory period
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The membrane potential is briefly ______________ after Na+ inactivation due to K+ activation.
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hyperpolarized
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The axon is able to fire again if adequately stimulated, but it requires more depolarization to reach threshold compared to the resting state. This is the __________ ___________ __________.
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relative refractive period
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K+ outgoing currents eventually __________ Na+ ingoing currents, and the plasma membrane returns to its ___________ state with a ____________ charged inside surface.
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exceed
resting negatively |
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What two things together form the synapse?
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terminal bouton
post-synaptic membrane |
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Synapses are ___________ of information from one ________ to another.
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transmitters
neuron |
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Transmission of information conveyed by an action potential can be ___________ or __________.
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electrical
chemical |
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Chemical Synapses
- advantage is ____________ - connections can be ____________ or __________ - modified by the systematic ___________ in the __________ - even ___________ are flexible |
flexibility
excitatory/inhibitory chemicals/bloodstream receptors |
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What is it called when the action potential reaches terminal bouton (filled with neurotransmitters) and opens Ca+ (calcium) channels?
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chemical synaptic transmission
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Ca+ causes small __________ containing neurotransmitter to ___________ their content in the synaptic gap. This process is called _____________ - the ________ of the neurotransmitter in the presence of ______.
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pouches
extrude exocytosis release Ca+ |
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There are many different _________________; each is found only in certain types of _________, although a given type of ___________ can have more than one _____________.
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neurotransmitters
neurons neuron neurotransmitter |
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The first identified neurotransmitter was ________________ (ACh) which causes _____________ of muscles.
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acetylcholine
contraction |
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What is another neurotransmitter you've probably heard of?
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dopamine
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These send and receive signals that trigger an electrical signal that runs along the neuron and can be passed along a neural network, by regulating the activity of ion channels?
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transmitter receptors
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What are these:
atropine curare botulinum toxin? |
receptor antagonists
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These act by inhibiting the release of Ach from the pre-synaptic terminal.
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receptor antagonists
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Receptor antagonists are used clinically to intentionally ____________ muscles:
- cosmetically prevents ________ - useful for treating __________ ___________ - upper ___________ segment _________ |
denervate
wrinkles spasmodic dysphonia esophageal, dysfunction |
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The cell on the other side of the synapse is affected by the ______________. It may be a ________ cell, a __________ cell, or another _________.
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neurotransmitter
gland muscle neuron |
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Excitation causes _________: the gland cell _________, the muscle cell ___________, and the neuron sends __________ __________ along its axon (if the inhibitory receptors-antagonists don't __________ the cells so they require greater excitatory ____________ for action).
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action
secretes contracts action potentials hyperpolarize stimulation |
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Describe the neuronal kiss.
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- communicates information
-doesn't make a permanent commitment -may be excitatory or inhibatory |
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The collective term for the motorneuron (MN) and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates.
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motor unit (MU)
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The smaller the motor unit, the ______ the _________ it exerts on the ___________ of a muscle.
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finer
control contraction |
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The larger the motor unit, the __________ its ___________ of a given muscle, but the __________ the increase in _______ it produces.
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grosser
control larger tone |
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Activation of the MN causes all muscle fibers of the motor unit to be __________ and to contract ______________.
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activated
simultaneously |
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The synapse between the MN and the muscle cell.
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neuromuscular junction
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When the neuromuscular junction is complete, the information travels down the _____ and continues to another ___________, and eventually reaches a __________ causing it to _________.
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axon
neuron muscle contract |
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A single neuron may have synaptic connections with the terminal ____________ or _____________ of _______ different axons (typically _________).
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ramifications
collaterals many thousands |
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A receiving neuron will fire its own _________________ impulse only when a certain ___________ of _____________ is reached and then only if the amounts of ___________ neurotransmitters __________ the influence of ___________ neurotransmitters.
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electrochemical
threshold excitation excitatory exceed inhibitory |
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May be caused by the disproportionate amount of excitatory neurotransmitters relative to the presence of inhibitory neurotransmitters.
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spasticity
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The result of spasticity will be ___________ ____________ of the muscles innervated by those highly excited neurons that did not receive the __________________ inhibitory neurotransmitters.
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excessive contractions
counterbalancing |
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After firing, a neuron ___________ itself to be ready again until it reaches the ____________ of ____________ required to set the _________ __________ into motion.
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replenishes
threshold excitability action potential |
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List the three variables that affect the speed of neural conduction.
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diameter of the axon
thickness of the meylin distance between nodes of ranvier |
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The bony skull is the most obvious ___________ of the ________. 2nd only is the ___________. ___ layers of __________ and a layer of _____________ _________ which lies within them.
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protector
brain meninges 3 membranes cerebrospinal fluid |
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The outermost layer of the meninges is the ___________, fibrous, _______, ________-like membrane. It ___________ closely to the inner layer of the __________ of the ________.
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duramater
tough leather adheres bones skull |
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In the ____________ layer, web-like process of the _________ extend toward the surface of the _______.
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arachnoid
arachnoid brain |
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Cerebrospinal fluid lies between these web-like processes.
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subarachnoid space
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This acts as a shock-absorbing cushion and also removes pathogens from the brain's environment.
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subarachnoid space
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The thin, delicate layer of the meninges is ____ ________. It contains both large and small _________ _________ and adheres tightly to the entire surface of the brain, following each _________ and _________.
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pia matter
blood vessels groove crevice |
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Spinal dura mater is a ______-__________ membrane.
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single layered
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Spinal arachnooid membrane begins at the __________ __________ and ends at the __________ __________. The subarachnoid space around the cord is filled with ______.
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foramen magnum
cauda equina CSF |
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Spinal pia mater ________ and _________ adheres to the spinal cord.
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wraps
tightly |
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Blood Supply - The Vascular System:
- Neurons have a high _____________ _______ and do not store ________ __________. |
metabolic rate
energy reserves |
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All of the __________ that supply the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres arise from the ________ _______ in the chest.
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vessels
aortic arch |
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The blood system brings ________ and _________ required to release the energy they carry. If they ____, they are not ___________.
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carbs
oxygen die replaced |
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Brain blood flow - the brain ________ blood from __________ and _________ blood through ________.
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receives
arteries dispels veins |
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The brain receives almost a _______ of blood per ________. (650-1000 ml/min)
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liter
minute |
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_______ _________ is more demanding than ________ _________ - __________________ manufactured there
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gray matter
white matter neurotransmitters |
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Loss of consciousness if blood flow stops for ___-___ seconds. Irreversible brain damage if blood flow ceases for ___-____ min.
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5-8
4-6 |
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The ____________ is more susceptible than the _________ to loss of blood flow (higher mental functions at risk).
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forebrain
brainstem |
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One of two terminal branches of the internal carotid artery
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middle cerebral artery
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Supplies the lateral surface of the cerebral hemispheres.
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middle cerebral artery
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Carotid system:
- ______________ carotid arteries arise from the _________ carotid arteries. - They are the major ________ ________ to the brain. - Branch into the ________ cerebral artery and the ________ cerebral artery |
internal
common blood supply middle anterior |
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Anterior cerebral arteries travel along ___________ surface of the brain and supply the ________ surfaces of the __________ and _________ lobes.
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midsaggital
midline frontal parietal |
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Interruption of the anterior cerebral arteries can cause?
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- paralysis of the legs and feet
- prefrontal lobe symptoms such as cognitive impairments of thinking, reasoning, abstracting, self monitoring, planning, impaired judgment, and limited concentration (executive functions) - decreased spontaneity and motor interaction |
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Middle cerebral arteries are a direct ______________ of the __________ carotids - they (MCA) are the __________ cerebral arteries
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continuation
internal largest |
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These cerebral arteries supply nearly the entire lateral surface of the brain.
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middle cerebral arteries
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Key structures of the the lateral surface of the brain:
__________ cortex in the __________ gyrus __________ area in the _______ region ________ cortex in the ________ gyrus _____________ area in the superior-posterior __________ lobe __________ cortex and __________ auditory cortex Much of the _________ _________ and diencephalon |
somatosensory/postcentral
broca's/premotor motor/precentral wernicke's/temporal frontal/primary basal ganglia |
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Vertebral arteries arise from the _____________ arteries. They _______ and form a single _________ __________ artery. They _______ again and form the ___________ cerebral arteries.
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subclavian
merge midline basilar split posterior |
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Posterior cerebral arteries are formed by the ______________ of the ________ artery (originally the vertebral arteries). They supply the _________ and __________ temporal lobes. They supply the ____________ and ___________ occipital lobes (vision!).
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bifurcation
basilar anterior inferior medial inferior |
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unilateral block
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homonymous hemianopsia
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bilateral block
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blindness
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The vascular system is made up of what four parts?
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aorta
subclavian arteries circle of willis cerebral arteries |
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Explain the breakdown of the subclvaian arteries.
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Common Carotid (anterior)
- Internal carotid - anterior cerebral arteries - middle cerebral arteries - External carotid arteries - go to face Vertebral Arteries (posterior) - Basilar artery - posterior cerebral arteries |
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List the three cerebral arteries.
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anterior
middle posterior |
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At the base of the brain, the carotid and vertebrobasilar arteries form a circle of communicating arteries known as what?
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circle of willis
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One of the two terminal branches of the internal carotid artery.
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anterior cerebral artery (ACA)
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Supplies medial aspect of the cerebrum from the frontal pole to the parieto-occipital fissure.
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anterior cerebral artery (ACA)
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Anterior Circuluation: __________ ___________ system consists of
- ________ cerebral artery - ________ cerebral artery |
internal carotid
anterior middle |
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Posterior Circulation: the __________ _________ ________
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vertebral-basilar system
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The posterior spinal artery has ____ from each __________ artery and supplies the posterior ___________ (caudal) and the _______ _______.
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one
vertebral medulla spinal cord |
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The anterior spinal artery:
- 2 arteries, one from each _______, _____ to form a _______ artery |
vertebral
join single |
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The anterior spinal artery supplies?
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- anterior medulla
- paramedian structures in the medulla -anterior spinal cord |
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Occlusion of the anterior spinal artery causes?
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paralysis below the level of the infarct
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Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) branches from the _________ artery and supplies:
- the posterior inferior ___________ - dorsolateral __________ - _________ ___________ (4th ventricle) |
vertebral
cerebellum medulla choroid plexus |
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List the 3 basilar artery branches.
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median penetrating arteries
short cirumferential arteries long circumferential arteries |
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Which basilar artery branch supplies the brainstem?
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median penetrating arteries
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Which basilar artery branch supply the anterolateral and posterolateral portions of the pons?
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short circumferential arteries
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The long circumferential arteries give rise to the __________ artery (accompanies _________________ nerve) and supply the ______ _____ and the root fibers of _______ nerve. Occlusion = ___________.
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auditory
vestibulocochlear inner ear facial deafness |
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The anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) branches from the _________ artery and supplies the anterior inferior _____________ and the lower ______ and upper ___________.
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basilar
cerebellum pons medulla |
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The superior cerebellar artery (SCA) branches from the _________ portion of the _______ artery. It supplies:
- superior ________ and _______ nucleus - dorsal ________ - _________ - inferior ____________ |
rostral
basilar cerebellum dentate midbrain pons colliculus |
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The posterior cerebral artery (PCA) is the _________ branch of the ________ artery and supplies:
- the medial __________ and __________ lobes, and caudal _________ lobe - ____________ branches supply the ________, ________, choroid plexus of the _____ and _________ ventricles |
terminal
basilar occipital temporal parietal perforating midbrain thalamus 3rd lateral |
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In the circle of willis, ________ cerebral arteries communicate via the ___________ ______________ artery.
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anterior
anterior communicating |
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In the circle of willis, ___________ carotids communicate with the ____________ cerebral arteries by the __________ __________ arteries.
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internal
posterior posterior communicating |
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What is a connection between two blood vessels?
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anastomose
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Normally, there is ______ blood flow around the circle of willis. _________ pressure in the internal carotid arteries = __________ cerebral arteries. The result: _________ blood flows through the ________ _____________ arteries.
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little
arterial posterior little posterior communicating |
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If a major vessel becomes occluded in the circle of willis, there is _________ __________ of communicating arteries allowing ____________ flow.
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some chance
anastomotic |
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The arterial ring can ____________ pressure between the major arteries and ___________ adequate ______ ______ if one of the arteries is __________ ______________.
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equalize
ensure blood flow slowly occluded |
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Vascular pathologies:
- #1 cause of _____________ __________ - #___ killer in the US - Often called ______ - Can cause ___________ (neuron death) |
neurological deficits
3 CVA infarction |
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List three common types of CVA.
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Occlusive vascular pathologies
hemorrhage arteriovenous malformations (AVM) |
|
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A gradual accumulation of cholesterol, lipids, calcium, and other undissolved particles on the inner wall of the arteries.
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arterosclerosis
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In occlusive vascular pathologies (_________), the block is _________. Pieces can ______ off the atheroma (embolus) and cause an __________. The artery can become totally blocked forming a ____________.
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block
atheroma break embolism thrombosis |
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Bleeding from ruptured blood vessels.
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hemorrhage
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What type of hemorrhages are caused by rupture of intracranial arteries?
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intracerebral (within brain)
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__________ (surface of the brain) hematoma - usually from a traumatic blow. ___________ blood vessels rupture. Potential space between ________ and __________ fills.
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subdural
arachnoid duramatter arachnoid |
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Ballooning of a weakened or deformed artery.
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aneurysm
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Arteriovenous malfromations (AVM) are the _____ common type of CVA.
- ___________ vein and artery ____________. -susceptible to ______________ - Can cause ___________ and _______________/_________ speech problems. |
least
congenital malformations hemorrhaging seizures language/motor |
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Fewer vascular accidents occur in the brain's _______ system than in its __________ system, primarily because blood pressure is much _______ in the _______.
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venous
arterial lower veins |
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Venous sinus system: (Veins)
- Collects and ___________ ____________ blood. - Blood collects and _________ through _________ in the dura matter called _________. - Eventually the sinuses _____ into right and left _________ veins, which carry the _______ blood back to the _______. |
transports
deoxygenated flows cavities sinuses flow jugular venous heart |
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The blood-brain barrier:
- __________ system. - In most parts of the body, almost all __________ can pass through _________ walls into the ______________ space of the adjacent __________. This is _____ the case in the ________. - Here, the cells of the ______________ and cells that immediately surround the _________ form a _________ barrier. |
protective
molecules capillary extracellular tissue not brain capillaries capillaries selective |
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The blood brain barrier prevents most _________, including most _______ and _____ from leaving the bloodstream and entering the brain. Brain infections are often __________. The barrier also _______ or ____________ the effect of many _______ on the brain.
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pathogens
bacteria virus deadly limits eliminates drugs |
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The ventricular system (cerebrospinal fluid system)
- ________ system - CSF is a _______, _______ fluid that contains almost no _____. Similar to blood _________. CSF is produced by the ________ ___________ located in each ventricle. |
protective
clear watery cells plasma choroid plexuses |
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The vestibular system fills the _____________ space and _______ the entire CNS and is found in the __________ and other cavities. It is a ____________ ________ around the CNS.
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subarachnoid
bathes ventricles mechanical cushion |
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CSF functions to ___________ the CNS by working in concert with the __________ system to remove _________ __________ __________.
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cleanse
vascular harmful metabolic wastes |
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CSF is _________ in the brain. A mismatch between __________ and __________ will cause _______________, which increases pressure on the brain and can lead to brain ____________.
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absorbed
production absorption hydrocephalus damage |
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List the 3 functions of the spinal cord.
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sensory processing
reflexes motor outflow |
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Sensory processing in the spinal cord:
Axons from __________ neurons from the _______ roots. Some axons project to the ____________ and others to the _____________. |
sensory
dorsal brainstem thalamus |
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In the spinal cord, local circuit neurons form the ________ ____ to connect the ________ and _______ systems.
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reflex arc
sensory motor |
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The axons from the spinal cord __________ _________ form the _________ __________ (efferents).
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motor neurons
ventral roots |
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In the spinal cord, the outer portion is ________ ________. _________ are tracts of white matter in the outer portion. ____________ are tracts in spinal reflexes.
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white matter
funiculi fasciculi |
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In the spinal cord, _________ _______ makes the shape of a butterfly. Upper part of the wings are the _________ _________. Lower part of the wings are the _________ _______. A small _________ _______ lies between the other two. The _______ ________ contains CSF.
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grey matter
dorsal horns ventral horns lateral horn central canal |
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Tracts: _____________ and ___________ spinal __________ facilitate a variety of sensory and motor functions.
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ascending
descending pathways |
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Spinal nerves:
- ____ pairs - all _______ (motor and sensory) - Once nerves exit the spinal cord, they are considered part of the _____ |
31
mixed PNS |
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(Spinal Nerves)
- Motor fibers are in the ________ roots - Sensory fibers are in the _________ roots - Dorsal root ganglia contains the cell bodies of all the ________ _______ |
ventral
dorsal sensory fibers |
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(Spinal Nerves)
- The __________ contain the primary sensory and motor tracts of the spinal cord. - The grey matter of the spinal cord contains the _______ ______ (sensory fibers), _______ ________ (motor fibers), and ________ _______ (motor fibers) |
funiculi
dorsal horn lateral horn anterior horn |
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Which major sensory tract of the spinal nerves carry info about discriminative touch, pressure, and proprioception to the brainstem?
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dorsal columns
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Which major sensory tract of the spinal nerves carries info about pain, temperature and gross touch (as opposed to discriminative touch)?
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spinothalamic tract
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Which major sensory tract of the spinal nerves carries primarily proprioceptive info from the grey matter of the spinal cord to the cerebellum?
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spinocerebellar tracts
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Which major motor tract of the spinal cord is the largest?
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lateral corticospinal tract
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Which three major motor tracts of the spinal nerves control LMNs that innervate extensor muscles?
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lateral corticospinal tract
anterior corticospinal tract lateral vestibulospinal tract |
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Which major motor tract of the spinal nerves controls the LMNs that innervate flexor muscles in the extremities?
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rubrospinal tract
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