Crls 1001 Final Exam

Front 1

Pretrial procedures

Back 1

-Critical pretrial processes and decisions, including bail, arraignment, and plea negotiation

Front 2

Bail

Back 2

-The monetary amount for or condition of pretrial release, normally set by a judge at the initial appearance

-The purpose id to ensure the return of the accused at subsequent proceedings

Front 3

Pretrial detention

Back 3

Holding an offender in secure confinement before trial

Front 4

Release on recognizance (ROR)

Back 4

-A non-monetary condition for the pretrial release of an accused individual; an alternative to monetary bail that is granted after the court determines that the accused has ties in the community, has no prior record of default, and is likely to appear at subsequent proceedings

Front 5

Manhattan Bail Project

Back 5

-The innovative experiment in bail reform that introduced and successfully tested the concept of release on recognizance

Front 6

Deposit bail

Back 6

-The monetary amount set by a judge at a hearing as a condition of pretrial release; the percentage of the total bond required to be paid by the defendant

Front 7

Bail Reform Act of 1984

Back 7

-Federal legislation that provides for both greater emphasis on release on recognizance for non-dangerous offenders and preventive detention for those who present a menace to the community

Front 8

Preventive detention

Back 8

-The practice of holding dangerous suspects before trial without bail

Front 9

Presentment

Back 9

-The report of a grand jury investigation, which usually includes a recommendation of indictment

Front 10

Indictment

Back 10

-The action by a grand jury when it finds that probable cause exists for prosecution of an accused suspect

Front 11

No bill

Back 11

-The action by a grand jury when it votes not to indict an accused suspect

Front 12

Information

Back 12

-A written accusation submitted to the court by a prosecutor, alleging that a particular individual committed the offense in question

Front 13

Preliminary hearing

Back 13

-A hearing that occurs in lieu of a grand jury hearing, when the prosecutor charges via information. Three issues are decided: whether a crime was committed, whether that court has jurisdiction over the case, and whether there is sufficient probable cause to believe the defendant committed the alleged crime

Front 14

Diversion

Back 14

-A noncriminal alternative to trial, usually featuring counseling, job training, and educational opportunities

Front 15

Bench trial

Back 15

-The trial of a criminal matter by a judge only. The accused waives any constitutional right to trial by jury

Front 16

Plea bargaining

Back 16

-Nonjudicial settlement of a case in which the defendant exchanges a guilty plea for some consideration, such as a reduced sentence

Front 17

Adjudication

Back 17

-The determination of guilt or innocence; a judgement concerning criminal charges. The majority of offenders charged plead guilty; of the remainder, some cases are adjudicated by a judge and a jury, some are adjudicated by a judge without a jury, and others are dismissed

Front 18

Confrontation clause

Back 18

-A part of the 6th amendment that establishes the right of a criminal defendant to see and cross-examine all the witnesses against him or her

Front 19

Hearsay evidence

Back 19

-Testimony that is not firsthand but, rather, relates information told by a second party

Front 20

Compulsory process

Back 20

-Compelling the production of witnesses via a subpoena

Front 21

pro se

Back 21

-"For oneself"; presenting one's own defense in a criminal trial; self-representation

Front 22

Proof beyond a reasonable doubt

Back 22

-The standard of proof needed to convict in a criminal case. The evidence offered in court does not have to amount to absolute certainty, but it should leave no reasonable doubt that the defendant committed the alleged crime

Front 23

Preponderance of the evidence

Back 23

-The level of proof in civil cases; more than half the evidence supports the allegations of one side

Front 24

Venire

Back 24

-The group called for jury duty from which jury panels are selected

Front 25

Voir dire

Back 25

-The process in which a potential jury panel is questioned by the prosecution and the defense in order to select jurors who are unbiased and objective

Front 26

Challenge for cause

Back 26

-A request that a prospective juror be removed because he or she is biased or has prior knowledge about a case, or for other reasons that demonstrate the individual's inability to render a fair and impartial judgement in a particular case

Front 27

Peremptory challenge

Back 27

-The dismissal of a potential juror by either the prosecution or the defense for unexplained, discretionary reasons

Front 28

Direct examination

Back 28

-The questioning of one's own (prosecution or defense) witness during a trial

Front 29

Cross-examination

Back 29

-The process in which the defense and the prosecution interrogate witnesses for the other side during a trial

Front 30

Directed verdict

Back 30

-The right of a judge to direct a jury to acquit a defendant because the state has not proved the elements of the crime or otherwise has not established guilt according to law