Crj Final

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probation

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conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under super vision of the court (in the form of a PO), subject to certain condtion for a specified time. Conditions are usually similar to parole, violation of the conditions may result in revocation

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judicial reprieve

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common law practice that allowed judges to suspend punishment so that offenders could seek a pardon, gather more evidence or demonstrate reformed behavior

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sureties

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during the middle ages these were people who made themselves responsible for the behavior of an offender after release

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revocation

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administrative act or judicial order performed by a parole authority that removes a person from parole in response to a violation of the rules

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probation rules

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conditions or restrictions mandated by the court that must be obeyed by probationer

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suspended sentence

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prison term that is delayed while the defendant undergoes a period of community treatment. If treatment is successful the prison sentence is terminated

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intake

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process in which a PO settles cases at the initial appearance, before the onset of formal court proceedings, process in which a juvenile referal is made

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presentence investigation

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performed by a PO attached to a trial court after convition. Report contains info on background, education, employment, family, record, mental/physical health

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risk classification

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classifying probationers so tht they may receive an appropriate level of treatment and control

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day fees

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program requiring probationers to pay in part for the cost of their treatment

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intermediate sanctions

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group of punishments falling between probation and prison ("probation plus") community based sanctions including house arrest and intensive supervision serve as alternatives to incarceration

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fine

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levying a monetary payment on offenders to compensate society for their misdeeds

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day fine

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geared to the average daily income of the offender to bring equity into the sentencing process

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forfeiture

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seizure of personal property by the state

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zero tolerance

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seizing all instrumentalities of a crime including homes, boats, and cars

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restitution

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condition of probation in which the offender repays victims/society for the trouble they caused

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monetary restitution

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requires convicted offenders to compensate victims by reimbursing them for out-of-pocket losses caused by the crime. can include property damage, lost wages, and medical costs

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community service restitution

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alternative santion that requires an offender to work in the community at such tasks as cleaning public parks or working with disabled children in lieu of incarceration

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shock incarceration

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sentence in which offenders serve a short prison term before they begin probation to impress them with the pains of imprisonment

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split sentence

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practice that requires convicted criminals to spend a portion of their sentence behind bars and the remainder in the community

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intensive probation supervision (IPS)

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type of intermediate sanction involving small probations case loads and strict monitoring on a daily or weekly basis

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house arrest

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intermediate sanction that requires a convicted offender spend a designated amount of time per week at home ex: 5pm friday - 8am monday

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electronic monitoring (EM)

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requiring offenders to wear a monitoring device as part of their community sentence. typically part of house arrest, this enables probation dept. to ensure the offenders are complying with limitations

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residential community corrections

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nonsecure facility located in the community that houses probationers who need a more secure environment. Typically residents are free to go to work, school, or treatment and then return in the evening for counseling and meals

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day reporting center (DRC)

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non residential community based treatment program

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restorative justice

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focuses on crime as an act against the community, not the state, and that justice should involve all parties affected by the crime

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sentencing circles

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sentencing in which victims, family members, community members, and the offender participate in an effort to devise fair and reasonable sanctions that are ultimately aimed at reintegrating the offender into the community

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hulk

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a mothballed ship that was used to house prisoners in 18th cent. england

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prison

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state or federal correctional institution for incarceration of felony offenders for terms of one or more years

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jail

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a place to detain people awaiting trial, to serve as lock ups for drunks and disorderly individuals, and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences for a year or less

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Walnut St. Jail

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in 1790 a seperate wing of Phillys Walnut St. Jail was built to house convicted felons. this was the forerunner of secure correctional systems in the US

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penitentiary house

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a secure correctional facility based on the Quaker concept that incarcerated criminals should experience penitence

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congregate system

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the Auburn Prison , one of the nations 1st correctional facilities was a congregate systems because inmates ate and worked in groups

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tier system

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structure of early prisons having numerous floors or wings that stacked cells one over another

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Auburn System

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prison system developed in NY during the 19th cent. that stressed congregate working condtions - tier system - crime prevention through fear of punishment and silent confinement

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Pennsylvania System

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prison system developed during the 19th cent. that stressed total isolation and inidividual penitence as a means of reform - influnce of religion - criticized as cruel and inhumane

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contract system

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used in early 20th cent. by which private industry contracted with prison officials for convict labor and set up shops on prison grounds for them to work

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convict-lease system

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system whereby the state leased its prisoners to a business for a fixed annual fee and gave up supervision and control

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medical model

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view of corrections holding that convicted offenders are victims of their environment who need care and treatment to transform them into valuable members of society

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penal harm

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view that prison should be a punishing experience and that criminals will be deterred from crime and current inmantes will be encouraged to go straight

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maximum security prison

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correctional institution that houses dangers felons and maintains strict security measures, high walls, and limited contact with the outside world

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super-maximum-security prison

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newest form of a max security prison that uses high level security measures to incapacitate the nations most dangerous criminals. most inmates are in 23-hours-per day lockdown

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medium-security prison

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a less secure institution that houses nonviolent offenders and provides more opportunities for contact with the outside world

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minimum-security prison

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least secure institution that houses white collar and nonviolent criminals, maintains few security measures and has liberal furlough and visitation policies

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boot camp

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short term militaristic correctional facility in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline

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shock incarceration

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short prison term served in boot camp type facilities

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community treatment

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attempt by correctional agencies to maintain convicted offenders in the community instead of a secure facility, it includes probation, parole, and residential programs

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halfway house

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community based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright release so that they can become gradually acclimated to conventional society

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total institution

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a regimented dehumanizing institution such as a prison in which like-situated people are kept in social isolation, cut off from the world at large

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no frills policy

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a correctional policy that stipulates that prisons are aimed at punishing and not coddling inmates. This usually means a strict regimen of work and discipline and reduced opportunities for recreation/education

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inmate subculture

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the loosely defined culture that pervades prisons and has its own norms, rules, and language

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inmate social code

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an unwritten code of behavior passed from older inmates to younger ones which serves as guidelines for appropriate inmate behavior within the correctional institution

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make-believe family

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in womens prisons some inmates adapt by creating substitute family groups with a faux father, mother, and siblings

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work release

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a prison treatment that allows inmates to be released during the day to work in the community and return prison at night

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furlough

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a correctional policy that allows inmates to leave the institution for vocational or educational training, for employment, or to maintain family ties

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hands-off doctrine

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legal practice of allowing prison administrators a free hand to run the institution even if correctional practices violate inmates constitutional rights; ended with the onset of the prisoners rights movement in the 1960s

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substantive rights

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through a slow process of legal review, the courts have granted inmates a number of civil rights including the right to receive mail and medical benefits, and to practice their religion

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jailhouse lawyer

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an inmate trained in law or otherwise educated who helps other inmates prepare legal briefs and appeals

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cruel and unusual punishment

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physical punishment or punishment far in excess of that given to people under similar circumstances and therefore banned by the 8th amendment. The death penalty has so far not been considered cruel and unsual if it is administered in a fair and nondiscriminatory fashion

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parole

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early release from imprisonment, subject to conditions set by a parole board, Depending on the jurisidiction, inmates must serve a certain portion of their sentence before being eligible. Conditions may require regular reporting, refraining from crime, maintain and support family, avoid contact with criminals, no drugs or alcohol, and remaining in the jurisdiction. Violations result in revocation and return to prison

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intensive supervision parole (ISP)

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a limited case load program for those parolees who need intensive surveillance. Required to meet more often w/ officer than routine and may have frequent drug testing, serve a term in a community correctional system, and be electronically monitored

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poor laws

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seventeenth century laws in England that bound out vagrants and abandoned kids as indentured servants to masters

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Child Savers

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late 19th centure reformers in America who developed programs for troubled youths and influenced legislation creating the JJS

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parens patriae

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latin for "father of his country". According to this legal philosophy the government is the guardian of everyone who has a disability, especially children, and has a legal duty to act in their best interests until the age of majority

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Childrens Aid Society

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A child saving organization begun by Charles Loring Brace that took children from the street in large cities and placed them with farm families

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juvenile court

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court that has original jurisdiction over persons defined by statute as juveniles and alleged to be delinquents or status offenders

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juvenile delinquency

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participation in illegal behavior by a minor who falls under a statutory age limit

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status offender

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juvenile who engages in behavior legally forbidden to minors (runaways, truancy, incorrigibility)

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detention

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temporary care of a child alleged to be a delinquent or status offender who requires secure custody pending court disposition

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waiver

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practice in which juvenile waives its jurisdiction over a juvenile and transfers the case to adult court for trial. In some states a waiver hearing is held to determine jurisdiction and in others they are automatically waived if accused of a serious crime such as murder

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transfer hearing

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hearing in which a decision is made to waive a juvenile to criminal court. Decisions are based on childs age, prior offenses, and nature of crime

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initial appearance

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juveniles appearance before the juvenile court judge in which the charges are reviewed and an effort is made to settle the case w/o a trial. If the child doesnt have legal counsel an attorney is appointed here

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dispostion

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equivalent of sentencing. theory is that disposition is more rehabilitive than retributive. Dispostions may inclde case dismissal, release to parents, probation, or institutionalization

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commitment

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decision of judge ordering an adjudicated and sentenced juvenile offender to be placed in a correctional facility

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treatment

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rehabilitative method used to effect a change of behavior in juvenile offenders through therapy, educational, or vocational programs

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prisonization

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assimilation into the seperate culture in the prson that has its own set of rewards and behaviors. this loosely defined culture has its own norms, rules, and language. The traditional prison culture is now being replaced by a violent gang culture