Crj 437 Exam #1

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Adjudication

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whata juvenile receives instead of a conviction, “to arrive at ajudicial decision”

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Adolescence

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ages13 to 19 which can drastically change a person's social andpsychological outlook

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Agnew's strain theory

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Thestrain and anger produced from being excluded from economic rewards.Strain about fairness of society, removal of positive stimuli, orpresentation of negative stimuli.

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Alexander Liazos

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Advocatefor conflict theory?

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androgen theory

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Theorythat Adrenal Androgen is linked to aggression and antisocial behaviorin boys

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anomie theory

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Personalanxiety or isolation, produced by rapidly shifting moral values

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ascribed status

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apart of your social status that you have no control of

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Biological theory

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Theidea that the natural world and all that lived in it could beclassified, catalogued, quantified, and predicted.

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Bourgeoisie

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Marx;people who control and own the means of production

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Classical Theory

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Peoplehave free will and proportional punishment carried out promptly thatfits the crime can be a deterrent.

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Clowardand Ohlin

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Wrote Delinquencyand Opportunity: A Theory of Delinquent Gangs,which rejected the prevailing premise that delinquency resulted fromindividual irresponsibility and argued it was caused by poverty andthe lack of alternative opportunities caused by poverty, and that theconditions underlying delinquency could be resolved through socialprograms

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Concentric Zone Theory

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Thecenter was the central business district. The transition zone of mixed residential and commercial uses, Working class residential homes (inner suburbs), Better quality middle-class homes (Outer Suburbs) or Zone of better Housing, Commuters zone

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Conflict Theory

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Considerssociety to be composed of individuals and groups with sharplydifferent interests and to b e characterized by conflict and dissent.People seek to maximize their own interests.

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Cultural Criminology

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theorythat considers how the media and popular culture studies to give newinsight into how the media and popular culture crime and delinquencyaffect

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Cultural Transmission

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theprocess and method of passing on socially learned information. Withina species, cultural transmission is greatly influenced by howadults socialize witheach other and with their young.

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Juvenile Delinquency

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Alegal term describing the behavior of a youth that is marked byviolation of the law and anti-social behavior.

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Differential Association

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Coinedby Edwin Sutherland, theory that proposed that individuals learnvalues, techniques, and motives of criminal behavior throughinteraction with others.

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Diversion Programs

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Formof sentencing in which the offender can avoid criminal charges and acriminal record

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Edwin Sutherland

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Definedwhite-collar crime and Differential Association

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Eugenics

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basedon the idea that tendency to break the law is inherited throughgenes. aset of beliefs and practices which aims at improving the genetic quality of the human population

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ExParte Crouse

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(1983) “The right of parental control is natural, but not unalienable”

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FourElements of the Social Bond

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1Attachment: expressed concern about what others think,that would lead individuals to avoid crime and negative behavior in order to avoid disappointing a respected individual or group.

2 Commitments: “investment of time, energy and oneself” in a particular form of conventional activity and awareness that deviant behavior would place such investment at risk.

3 Involvements: sufficient time and energy spent on conventional activities such that less time remains for delinquent behavior.

4 Beliefs: the extent to which an individual “has been socialized into and accepts the common belief system”

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Gerald Suttles

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Wrotethe Social Order of the Slum

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HierarchyRule

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records only the most serious incident in a set of incidents.

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Industrialized England

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firstjuvenile labor laws

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JuvenileLimited Behavior

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Adolescent-limited delinquency refers to adolescents whose delinquent behavior is temporary, does not extend beyond adolescence and does not present continuity and stability across time.

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LabelingTheory

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the theory of how the self-identity and behavior of individuals may be determined or influenced by the terms used to describe or classify them. It is associated with the concepts of self-fulfilling prophecy and stereotyping

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LawConstruction and Power

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Power, ultimately controlled by the wealthy and elite, shapes the construction of laws to benefit them and their values, in order to maintain the dichotomy.

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Left Realism

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contendsthat the idealism of marxist criminology sacrifices the interests ofimpoverished people for the interests of lower-class offenders.

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LexTalionis

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Law of Retribution

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LifeCourse Persistence

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Life course persistence offenders begin antisocial behavior at an early age and continue to commit acts that harm others throughout their lives.

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Lombroso

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Rejectedthe Classical School of Criminology, said that people were borncriminal. Atavism theories.

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Merton's Strain Theory

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socialgoals & cultural goals. Five models of adaption: Conformity,Innovation in obtaining financial security, Ritual, Retreat/vagrants,Rebellion

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Methods of Data collection

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Individualinterviews, Focusgroups, Observations, Action Research

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Neutralization Techniques

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atheoretical series of methods by which those who commit illegitimateacts temporarily neutralize certain values within themselves whichwould normally prohibit them from carrying out such acts

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O'connell v. Turner

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Thecourt released O'Conell, he did not commit any crimes. The courtreasoned that the power of the state under parens patriae could notexceed the power of the natural parents except in punishing crime.

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ParensPatriae

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The philosophy that the government Is the ultimate guardian of all children or disabled adults; gives legal authority for placing youths in institutions. “State as a Parent”.

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Pathways/TurningPoints

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For children; supervision warmth & discipline. Adolescents; School attachment and peers. Adulthood; age, steady employment, marriage.

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PatriaPotestas

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In Roman family law, power that the male head of a family exercised over his children and his more remote descendants in the male line

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Patriarchy

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situationswhere men hold power and authority in political, religious, legal,educational, military, and domestic areas.

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Positivism

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Focuseson the offender rather than the offense. Seeks the truth about humannature through science, rather than religion or philosophy.

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Primary and Secondary Deviation

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Primary:The label that is placed on the delinquent once he or she is caughtbreaking the law. Secondary: thestage in which one internalizes a deviant identity by integrating itinto their self-concept.

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Primogeniture

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Whenthe eldest son receives entire estate, and younger ones are forced tomove.

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Rational Choice Theory

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Theindividual decision to offend is susceptible to examination in muchthe same way as the decision is to buy a home.

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Routine Activities Theory

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anenvironmental, place-based explanation of crime, where the behavioralpatterns and intersections of people in time and space influence whenand where crimes occur. Suggests that when motivated offenders andsuitable targets meet in the absence of capable guardians, crime islikely to happen

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Sheldonand Eleanor Glueck

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body type theory

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Shock Incarceration

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Intendedto alter how offenders consider the benefits and costs of breakingthe law. Offenders were sentenced to long periods of incarcerationfollowed by probation.

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Social Control Theory

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Social control such as Family,religion, concept of childhood

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Social Disorganization

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Aninability of community members to achieve shared values or to solvejointly experienced problems

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SocialEcological Model

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This model considers the complex interplay between individual, relationship, community, and societal factors that put people at risk for violence or protect them from experiencing or perpetrating violence.

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Status offenses

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whenit is only the offender's age that makes the behavior illegal.

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Sykesand Matza

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coined neutralization techniques

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TabulaRasa

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Latin phrase often translated as "blank slate" in English

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TheCreation of the First Delinquency Laws

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Illinois passed the Juvenile Court Act of 1899, which established the Nation's first juvenile court. parens patriae was the rationale for the right of the State to intervene in the lives of children in a manner different from the way it intervenes in the lives of adults.

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Typesof Criminality Common to Juveniles

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underage drinking, truancy, etc.

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WilliamSheldon

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tried to correlate body types with behavior and intelligence.

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TravisHirschi

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wrote that social bonds encouraged confroming behavior and prevented most people from committing crimes

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TheSeattle Study

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This study began in 1956 focusing upon age differences and age changes in cognitive abilities