Criminology Test 2

Front 1

Social control theorists suggest that:

Back 1

A. Crime occurs when the forces that bind people to societyare weakend or broken.

Front 2

Social reaction theory suggests that:

Back 2

D. People become criminals when significant members ofsociety label them as such.

Front 3

Adolescents who do not receive affection from theirparents during childhood are:

Back 3

B. more likely to use illicit drugs and be more aggressive asthey mature.

Front 4

Which of the following is NOT one of the majorprinciples of differential association?

Back 4

C. Differential association may vary in meaning, reliability,and intention.

Front 5

Edwin Sutherland’s differential association theorystates that:

Back 5

C. Criminal behavior is learned

Front 6

The process of _____ refers to moving in and out ofdelinquency or shifting etween conventional and deviant values.

Back 6

drift

Front 7

Neutralization theory points out that:

Back 7

B. Even the most committed criminals and delinquentsare not involved in criminality all the time.

Front 8

Criminals sometimes neutralize wrongdoings bymaintaining that the victim “had it coming”. This is an exampleof which technique of neutralization?

Back 8

C. Denial of the victim

Front 9

Criminals sometimes neutralize wrongdoings by“appealing to higher loyalties”. Which of the following wouldbe an example of that technique?

Back 9

B. Attacking someone who is arguing with a friend.

Front 10

Travis Hirschi states that the social bonds a personmaintains with society are divided into four elements. Which ofthe following is NOT one of these elements?

Back 10

A. Affection

Front 11

Travis Hirschi tested the principle hypotheses of socialcontrol theory. While evidence was strong and supportive, whatis the most controversial aspect of Hirschi’s conclusion?

Back 11

D. Any form of social attachment is beneficial, even todeviant peers and parents.

Front 12

Which of the following issues has been raised regardingthe validity of social control theory?

Back 12

A. Delinquency may lead to weakened social bonds,not vice versa.

Front 13

In its purest form, ____ theory argues that even crimessuch as murder, rape, and assault are only bad and evil becausepeople label them as such.

Back 13

B. Social reaction

Front 14

According to Lemert, _____ involves norm violatioansor crimes that have little influence on the actor, and therefore,can be quickly forgotten.

Back 14

A. Primary deviance

Front 15

The boyhood friend of a convicted murderer isinterviewed by the media and reports that the offender waswithdrawn, suspicious, and negativistic as a youth. This is anexample of:

Back 15

C. Retrospective reading

Front 16

Which of the following statements does NOT reflectlabeling theory?

Back 16

B. Labeling theory recognizes that criminality is adisease or a pathological behavior.

Front 17

_____ is a process whereby secondary deviance pushesoffenders out of the mainstream of society and offenders begintheir escalating cycle of deviance.

Back 17

D. Deviance amplification

Front 18

A competency hearing in which a person is declared“mentally ill” or a trial where someone is found to be a “rapist”are forms of successful

Back 18

D. Successful degradation ceremonies.

Front 19

The process of becoming stigmatized by crime labels isinteractive. Labeling theorists blame the establishment ofcriminal careers on:

Back 19

C. Crime control agencies.

Front 20

Programs of rehabilitation that remove offenders fromthe normal channels of the criminal justice process, thusavoiding the stigma of a criminal label.

Back 20

A. Diversion Programs

Front 21

According to conflict theorists, societal conflictpromotes crime by:

Back 21

A. Creating a social atmoshphere in which the law is a mechanism for controlling have-not members of society.

Front 22

Which of the following is not a basic concern of critical criminologists?

Back 22

A. The increased effect of mass media pertaining to demystifying the law.

Front 23

Instrumental theorists consider it essential to ___ law and justice.

Back 23

B. demystify

Front 24

____ criminologists believe that the cause of crime can be linked to economic, social, and political disparity.

Back 24

C. Critical

Front 25

According to critical theorists, crime is a:

Back 25

C. political concept designed to protect the power and position of the upper class.

Front 26

According to this type of critical theory, the poor may or may not commit more crimes than the rich, but the poor are certainly arrested and punished more often.

Back 26

C. Instrumental

Front 27

What is the key difference between instrumental theorists and structural theorists?

Back 27

C. Structural theorists focus on anyone who threatens the capitalist system.

Front 28

Supranational criminology is a specialization of critical theory that focuses on which type of crime?

Back 28

B. War crimes

Front 29

Profits produced by the laboring classes are accrued by business ownders who use these profits for reinvestment or to enrich themselves. This key crime-producing effort of modern corporate capitalism is termed:

Back 29

B. Surplus value

Front 30

Displacement of workings by pushing them outside the economic and social mainstream is known as:

Back 30

A. Marginalization

Front 31

____ describes the antisocial behaviors that arise from efforts to maintain governmental power to uphold the race, class, and gender advantages of those who support the government.

Back 31

D. State crime

Front 32

High schools in which the completion rate is consistently 40% of less are known as:

Back 32

A. Dropout factories

Front 33

___ reflects a critical perspective that explains both the exploitation of women and women's criminality in terms of gender inequality and patriarchy.

Back 33

B. Critical feminism

Front 34

Girls growing up in ___ are socialized to fear legal sanctions more than males; consequently, boys in these families exhibit more delinquent behavior than their sisters.

Back 34

C. Paternalisitic familes

Front 35

According to power control theory, which type of family produces daughters whose law-violating behaviors mirrors that of their brothers?

Back 35

A. Egalitarian families

Front 36

John Lea and Jock Young, leaders of the leftist realism movement contend that:

Back 36

A. The poor are doubly abused, first by the capitalist system and then by members of their own class.

Front 37

Peacemaking criminoloigsts view the efforts of the state to punish and control crime as:

Back 37

B. Encouraging crime rather than discouraging it.

Front 38

Which of the following is true regarding restorative justice systems?

Back 38

B. Restoration programs have been part of peacekeeping in Asian, Native American, and Native Canadian communities for centuries.

Front 39

Jackons and Olivia are high school sweethearts who married at the age of 21. Both graduated from college with degrees in pharmacy and nursing and work in their respected professions. This would be an example of"

Back 39

A. Egalitarian families

Front 40

Jackson believes that he must work hard, becompetitive, and show dominance, because culturally normativebeliefs say so about male behavior. This is an example of:

Back 40

A. Hegemonic masculinity

Front 41

Public policy programs based on developmental theory:

Back 41

D. feature multi-systemic treatments designed for at-risk youths.

Front 42

Developmental theories attempt to provide a naturalhistory of criminal careers by encompassing:

Back 42

A. its onset, continuation, and termination.

Front 43

Latent trait theorists believe human development iscontrolled by a master trait present at birth or soon after thatresults in:

Back 43

C. an increased propensity to commit crime.

Front 44

Why is early onset an important factor in crime?

Back 44

C. Because early onset of antisocial behavior predictslater and more serious criminality.

Front 45

One of the key principles of life course theory is that:

Back 45

D. the seeds of a criminal career are planted early inlife.

Front 46

According to life course theories, criminal opportunity,effective guardianship, and apprehension risk are ____ factorsthat can explain the onset, continuance, and desistance fromcrime.

Back 46

A. personal

Front 47

Which is an inaccurate statement about problembehaviors and problem behavior syndrome?

Back 47

D. Problem behavior syndrome portrays crime as theproduct of other social problems.

Front 48

Life course theories integrate personal, social,socialization, situational, and cognitive factors to explain humanbehavior. Personality and intelligence are:

Back 48

A. Personal

Front 49

Sampson and Laub’s research indiciates that building____ and strong social bonds reduces the likelihood of long-term deviance.

Back 49

B. Social capital

Front 50

Which of the following is not one of the significant life-changing events that reduces criminality, according to Laub andSampson?

Back 50

A. Buying a car

Front 51

Which of the following is not one of the significant life-changing events that alter the development of a criminal careerare called:

Back 51

A. turning points

Front 52

52. Cognitive frameworks that help people quickly processand sort through information are called:

Back 52

A. Schemas

Front 53

According to latent trait theory, when does a latent traitappear?

Back 53

A. At birth or soon after.

Front 54

Which of the following statements regarding genderdifferences and the general theory of crime is accurate?

Back 54

B. There is little evidence that males are moreimpulsive than females.

Front 55

In their general theory of crime, Gottfredson andHirschi consider the criminal offender and the criminal act as_____ concepts.

Back 55

A. separate

Front 56

Gottfredson and Hirschi claim that the principles ofself-control theory:

Back 56

D. can explain all varieties of criminal behavior.

Front 57

Although criminal offenders are people predisposed tocrime, they are not robots who commit crime without restraint.According to the general theory of crime, change in thefrequency of criminal activity is a function of:

Back 57

C. change in criminal opportunity

Front 58

Which pathway to deviance begins at an early age withstubborn behavior and leads to property damage, and eventuallyescalates to more serious forms of theft and fraud?

Back 58

A. Authority conflict pathway

Front 59

Which pathway to a criminal career that begins withminor aggression and eventually escalates to violent crime?

Back 59

B. overt pathway

Front 60

Adolescents who do not engage in any deviantbehavior, a path which places them outside the norm for theirage group are called:

Back 60

A. Abstainers

Front 61

Personal traits can account for violent behavior.Pschologist Dorothy Ottnow Lewis found that murderous youthsoften suffer signs of:

Back 61

C. Neurological dysfunction

Front 62

Sigmund Freud believed that human aggression andviolence are produced by instinctual drives. ___ is the deathinstinct that is sometimes expressed externally as violence orinternally as suicde and alcoholism.

Back 62

D. Thanatos

Front 63

Children exposes to violence at home, at school, or inthe environment may adopt violent methods themselves. Whichchildren are most likely to engage in violent behavior?

Back 63

C. Children eC. Children exposed to violence in the home exposed to violence in the home.

Front 64

Frank is a drug user. Frank robs a store to support hisheroin habit. This is an example of:

Back 64

C. Systemic violence

Front 65

Which is a segment of society in which violence hasbecome legitimized by the custom and norms of that group?

Back 65

D. Subculture of violence

Front 66

The Uniform Crime Report indicates that ___ of allmurders and about 40% of all robberies involve firearms.

Back 66

B. 70%

Front 67

Catherine and Gloria regulary crush up prescripton painmeds at work and snort them. When they do this they usuallybecome confrontational with coworkers as a result. This is a:

Back 67

A. Psychopharmacological relationship

Front 68

The common law definition of rape derives from theLatin word rapere meaning ____ and is defined as “the carnalknowledge of a female forcibly and against her will”.

Back 68

B. To take by force

Front 69

According to Groth, 40 percent of rapists he studied were

Back 69

B. Sexually victimized as adolescents.

Front 70

First-degree murder occurs when a person kills another after___ and deliberation.

Back 70

D. premeditation

Front 71

When Diane Whipple died after being attacked by two largedogs in the hallway of her apartment building, one of the dog’sowners was convicted of manslaughter based on the legalprinciple of:

Back 71

D. deliberate malic

Front 72

Research indicates a variety of facts about murder. Which ofthe following murder facts is inaccurate?

Back 72

B. Over the last decade, the number of stranger murders hasdecreased.

Front 73

Violent assault by a motorist who loses control of his or heremotions while driving is called:

Back 73

B. Road rage

Front 74

Murder of a very young child is called:

Back 74

B. Infanticide

Front 75

Which is a psychological and emotional abuse that involvesthe spreading of smears, rumors, and private information inorder to harm his or her partner?

Back 75

A. Relational aggression

Front 76

Some robbers target people they know, a phenomenonreferred to as:

Back 76

A. Acquantance robbery

Front 77

Wright and Decker found that most armed robberies aremotivated by a pressing need for:

Back 77

C. cash

Front 78

Fredrick Lawrence argues that criminals motivated by biasdeserve to be punished more severly than those who commitidentical crimes for other motives. Why is this so?

Back 78

ASK! A. more violent or B target community

Front 79

Workplace violence is the third leading cause ofoccupational injury or death. Who is the typical offender inincidents of workplace violence?

Back 79

B. A middle-aged white male facing termination.

Front 80

Failing to provide a child with the care and shelter to whichhe or she is entitled is called:

Back 80

D. Neglect

Front 81

Tying drug use to factors such as racial prejudice, low self-esteem, poor socioeconomic status, and the high levels ofmistrust, negativism, and defiance found in improverished areasdescribes which casual explanation of drug use?

Back 81

C. Subcultural view

Front 82

Problem behavior syndrome contends that:

Back 82

C. substance abuse is linked to impaired cognitivefunctioning.

Front 83

Border patrols are examples of ____ strategies aimed atstopping drug use.

Back 83

B. interdiction

Front 84

Which issue presents an obstacle to controlling drugs viasource control strategies?

Back 84

D. These are all issues that present obstacles to controllingdrugs via source control strategies.

Front 85

Ethan Nedelmann argues that drugs should be legalizedbecause:

Back 85

B. the use of mood-altering substances is customary isalmost all human societies.

Front 86

Infiltrating and prosecuting organized crime groups areexamples of ____ strategies aimed at stopping drug trade.

Back 86

D. law enforcement

Front 87

Which of the following is not a potential effective treatmentapproach that is taken to treat known drug users, rather thandeterring their behavior through punishment?

Back 87

A. incarceration

Front 88

Deterring dealers with harsher punishments is the main focusof which type of control strategy?

Back 88

ASK!!!

Front 89

Substance abuse is an ancient practice dating back morethan:

Back 89

c. 4000

Front 90

90.There is a ___ link between drug abuse and crime.

Back 90

A. Strong

Front 91

Rosehan found that individuals who were labeled with whichillness in his study, became stuck with what label?

Back 91

B. Schizophrenia

Front 92

Which is not a type of self-injuring behavior discussed inAdler & Adler’s study?

Back 92

D. Choking

Front 93

Adler and Adler found that self-injurers often foundthemselves on their own coping with the practical problemsposed by their deviance because they lacked:

Back 93

A. parental support

Front 94

Prozac was introduced in 1987 as a new type of medicationto treat which mental illness?

Back 94

B. Schizo

Front 95

The most significant criterion for diagnosis of ADHD inchildren in the 1970’s was which of the following?

Back 95

B. Behavior

Front 96

Which of the following individuals are at the highest risk forsuicide according to Joiner?

Back 96

Never married

Front 97

Joiner predicts lower rates of suicide among which sportteam fans due to the sense of belongingness?

Back 97

Cubs

Front 98

Which medication was prescribed to adults who had notbeen diagnosed as hyperactive in childhood, but redefined theirlife difficulties as related to inattention, impulsivity andrestlessness?

Back 98

B. Ritalin

Front 99

The desire for death is composed of which twopsychological states?

Back 99

D. Failed belongingness and percieved burdensomeness

Front 100

Who is the author of the desire for death?

Back 100

A. Joiner