Criminology Final, Siegel Chapter 6,7,9 And 10

Front 1

Atavistic Anomalies

Back 1

Lombroso believed in "born criminals", individuals who have an inherited set of physical traits.

Front 2

Criminal Offender 1895

Back 2

Lombroso argued that a small group of female criminals lacked typical female traits.

Front 3

Biological Determinism

Back 3

Lombroso's believe that criminogenic traits can be acquired through indirect heredity from a degenerate family whose members suffered from ills such as insanity, syphillis, and alcoholism, or through direct heredity- being related to a family of criminals.

Front 4

"On Crimes and Punishment"

Back 4

Beccaria called for fair and certain punishment to deter crime.

Front 5

Patterns in Criminal Homicide 1957

Back 5

Wolfgang analyzed nearly 600 murders in Philadelphia and concluded that many homicides among people of lower social status result from trivial conflicts and insults and that the victims initiate the conflict more than one fourth of the time.

Front 6

Social Structure Theories

Back 6

The view that disadvantaged economic class is a primary cause of crime.

Front 7

Differential Opportunity

Back 7

Cloward and Ohlin. Suggests that one's socio-economic environment serves to predetermine their likelihood of achieving financial success legitimate or illegitimate means. Lower class youths, whose legitimate opportunities are limited, join gangs and pursue criminal careers as alternative means to achieve universal success goals.

Front 8

Collective Efficacy

Back 8

Social control exerted by cohesive communities, based on mutual trust, including intervention in the supervision of children and maintenance of public order

Front 9

Cultural Deviance Theory

Back 9

Branch of social structure theory that sees strain and social disorganization resulting in a unique lower class culture that conflicts with conventional social norms.

Front 10

General Strain Theory

Back 10

According to Agnew, the view that multiple sources of strain interact with an individual's emotional traits and responses to produce criminality.

Front 11

Middle Class Measuring Rods

Back 11

The standards by which teachers and other representatives of state authority evaluate lower class youths. Because they cannot live up to middle class standards, lower class youths are bound for failure, which gives rise to frustration and anger at conventional society.

Front 12

Social Disorganization Theory

Back 12

Branch of social structure theory that focuses on the breakdown of institutions such as family, social, and employment in inner city neighborhoods.

Front 13

Social Structure Theory

Back 13

The view that disadvantaged economic class position is the primary cause of crime

Front 14

Theory of Anomie

Back 14

A modified version of the concept of Anomie developed by Merton to fit social, economic, and cultural conditions found in modern U.S society. He found that two elements of culture interact to produce potentially anomic conditions; culturally defined goals and socially approved means for obtaining them.

Front 15

Focal Concerns

Back 15

According to Miller, the value orientations for lower class cultures; features include the needs for excitement, trouble, smartness, and personal autonomy.

Front 16

Differential Association Theory

Back 16

According to Sutherland, the principle that criminal acts are related to a person's exposure to and excess amount of antisocial attitudes and values.

Front 17

Differential Reinforcement Theory

Back 17

An attempt to explain crime as a type of behavior. First proposed by Akers in collaboration with Burgess I'm 1966, it is a version of the social learning view that employes differential association concepts as well as elements of psychological learning theory.

Front 18

Negative Reinforcement

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Using either negative stimuli or loss of reward to curtail unwanted behaviors.

Front 19

Primary Defiance

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Deviant acts that do not help redefine the self image and public image of the Offender.

Front 20

Secondary Defiance

Back 20

Accepting deviant labels as a personal identity. Acts become secondary when they form a basis for self concept, as when a drug experimenter becomes as addict.

Front 21

Social Bond

Back 21

Ties a person has to the institutions and processes of society. Elements of the social Bond include commitment, attachment, involvement and belief.

Front 22

Social Control Theory

Back 22

The view that people commit crime when the forces that bind them to society are weakened or broken.

Front 23

Social Learning Theory

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The view that human behavior is modeled through observation of human social interactions, either directly from observing those who are close and form intimate contact, or indirectly through the media. Interactions that are rewarded are copied, while those that are punished are avoided.

Front 24

Social Process Theory

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The view that criminality is a function of people's interactions with various organizations, institutions, and processes of society.

Front 25

Social Reaction Theory

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The view that people become criminals when significant member of society label them as such and they accept those labels as a personal identity.

Front 26

General Theory of Crime

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A developmental Theory that modifies social control theory by integrating concepts from biosocial, psychological, routine activities, and rational choice Theories.

Front 27

Latent Course Theory

Back 27

Theoretical views that criminal behavior is controlled by a master trait, present at birth or soon after, that remains stable and unchanging throughout a person's lifetime

Front 28

Life Course Theories

Back 28

Theoretical views studying changes in criminals offending patterns over a person's entire life.

Front 29

Self Control Theory

Back 29

The view that the cause of delinquent behavior is an impulsive personality. Kids who are impulsive may find their bond to society is weak.

Front 30

Problem Behavior Syndrome

Back 30

A cluster of antisocial behaviors that may include family dysfunction, substance abuse, smoking. Precocious sexuality and early pregnancy, educational underachievement, suicide attempts, sensation seeking and unemployment as well as crime.

Front 31

Propensity

Back 31

An inclination to behave in a particular way.

Front 32

Hate Crime

Back 32

Acts of violence or intimidation designed to terrorize or frighten people considered undesirable because of their race, religion, ethnic origin, or sexual orientation.

Front 33

Violentization Process

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The process by which abused children are turned into aggressive adults. This process takes violent youths full circle from being victims of aggression to its initiators; they are now the same person they grew up despising, ready to begin the process with their own children.

Front 34

Subculture Violence

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Norms and cultures that, in contrast to societies dominate value system, legitimize and expect the use of violence to resolve social conflicts.

Front 35

Mass Murder

Back 35

The killing of a large number of people I'm a single incident by an Offender who typically does not seek concealment or escape.

Front 36

Serial Killer

Back 36

The killing of a large number of people over time by an Offender who seeks to escape detention.

Front 37

Shield Laws

Back 37

Laws designed to protect rape victims by prohibiting the defense attorney from inquiring about their previous sexual relationships.

Front 38

Stalking

Back 38

A pattern of behavior directed at a specific person that includes repeated physical or visual proximity, unwanted communication, and/or threats sufficient to cause fear in a reasonable person.

Front 39

Statutory Rape

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Sexual relations between an underage individual and an adult, though not coerced, an underage partner is considered incapable of giving informed consent.

Front 40

Expressive Violence

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Violence that is designed not for profit or gain but to vent rage, anger or frustration.

Front 41

Instrumental Violence

Back 41

Violence used in an attempt to improve the financial or social position of the criminal.