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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Red Lining |
Government (FHA) started practice of literally drawing a red line on a map to show where the povershed/minority communities were. (1940's -1990's) Even though this practice was outlawed in the mid 70's. It's effects still hold true today as we see that these practices have rooted our current poverty/minority rates in big cities. |
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Rational Choice Theory |
Declined originally during the Positive School, this theory proposed that 'would-be' offenders chose crime only after weighing the factors. In the early 60's this came about after all of the civil unrest's and crime rates. |
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Factors to Rational Choice |
1) Possible punishments 2) Risk of committing a crime 3) Offense Specific (What am I doing?) *money, security, police presence, get-a-way car, turn over, etc. 4) Offender Specific ( How to commit crime) *skills needed, tools needed, resources, is there a legit alternative?, etc. |
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Personality and Lifestyle (RC) |
Impulsive, no self control, do not think about consequences. These people might be stressed or desperate. |
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Criminal Enterprise (RC) |
Treating crime as a business opportunity. This is an everyday lifestyle, you make profits. |
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Choosing the Place of a Crime (RC) |
Making sure that you are in a good spot, but somewhere that you cannot be setup or caught too easily. Not on the corner, in the middle of the block to see all surroundings. |
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Choosing Targets (RC) |
Making sure that it is as easy as possible to follow out plan. Average times are when people/families are not home. They pay attention to when you are gone, check if you are home. Dogs turn these people too! |
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Theft (RC) |
Straight up stealing. But, knowing what cars you can get the most money from, or knowing how to strip electronics for money, etc. |
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Drugs (RC) |
Dealers approach this as a business. They are organized and well structured. Big market areas, and supply and demand opportunities drive this success. |
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Violent Crime (RC) |
Typical violent crimes are not rational choice. Knowing that they are in control is the factor that meant the most. |
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Absolutism |
Believed that if it was illegal, it was illegal. There was no grey area, everything was black and white. Focused on who was doing the crime, and how to stop it. |
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Social Construction |
Deviance and Crime are related. There was a lot of room for grey areas. Left a lot of room for questions. |
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Positivist School |
Scientific way of evaluating criminology. Made criminology a science. Psychology, Sociology, and Biology. |
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Social Determinism |
Scientific way of only believing that ones social settings was the only thing that mattered in determining if they were a criminal, and why they were a criminal. |
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Psychological Determinism |
Scientific way of only believing that ones psychological features are the only thing that determined crime and criminals. Freud thought that crimes were not rational, but subconscious desires. |
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Biological Determinism |
Scientific way of believing that ones biological make-up was the only thing that determined crime and criminals. Monroso thought that everyone was genetically made to be a criminal, and to offend. |
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Cleared Crimes |
Exceptional means that proves who committed a crime, but the government cannot get to them because they died, moved, were arrested on a different charge, etc. This does not mean that it is a solved. About 1/2 of all violent crimes are cleared, because they are more focused on. Only around 1/5 of property crimes are cleared. |
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Institutional Bias/Racism |
Not personal racism, but when there are flaws in the system that indicate that rates of arrests and incarceration are too high for a particular group-mostly minorities(Blacks). This comes form stereotyping. Sociologist call it "Driving while Black". Not, only are they stopped more frequently, but they are also given less bail and are punished more often and more harshly. |
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Deviance |
Not following social norms. Folkways can be broken and not a big deal, maybe just rude. Morays are more serious, things that are 'morally' acceptable. Laws are rules that, if broken, are punishable. |
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Deviant Types: |
1. Deviant Attitudes (Libertarian in a Democratic/Republican Society) 2. Deviant Behaviors (Illicit drug use, murdering, stealing) 3. Deviant Conditions (physical disabilities, tattoos, piercings) |
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Classical School |
It was ones 'free will' to commit crime. |
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Neoclassical School |
It was the society problems that led to crime. |
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UCR |
Uniform Crime Report, FBI ran since the mid 70's. Police departments send statistics to the FBI. There are two types of crimes. 1. Murder, manslaughter, rape, robbery, burglary, aggravated assault, larson, motor-vehicle theft, and arson. 2. Vandalism, sex crimes, drug trafficking, drug possession. |
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Validity of UCR |
1. Victims failing to report 2. Departmental reporting and recording 3. Voluntary to report to UCR 4. Hierarchy Rule ( only the most serious crime counts) |
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Who is the 'ideal' criminal, and why? |
A poor, young, black male. Because the younger one is the more likely one is to engage in criminal activity. Men are arrested more than woman. Blacks are arrested disproportionately than whites. And, socio-economic status means a lot. |
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Victim Precipitation |
Assumes that victim did something to deserve the crime. Very victim blaming. 1. Active (instigating) 2. Passive (something about the victim makes you more vulnerable) |
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Lifestyle Theories |
Risk behaviors (what one does to make them more likely to be a victim) Risk lifestyles (living a criminal lifestyle) |
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Controlling Crime |
-Increase the effort needed to commit crime -Increase the risk of committing crime -Reduce the rewards of crime -Induce more guilt/increase shame -Reduce Provocation -Remove Excuses |
