Criminology Chapter 8: Social Conflict, Critical Criminology, And Restorative Justice

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Critical Criminologists

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Researchers who view crime as a function of the capitalist mode of production and not the social conflict that might occur in any society regardless of its economic system. They view crime as a function of social conflict and economic rivalry, they view themselves as social critics who dig beneath the surface of society to uncover its inequities (unfairness).

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Critical Criminology

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The view that capitalism (economic and political system in which the country's trade and industry is controlled by private owners for profit, fend for yourselves type gov.) produces haves and have-nots, each engaging in a particular branch of criminality. The mode of production shapes social life. Because economic competitiveness is the essence of capitalism, conflict increases and eventually destabilizes social institutions and the individuals within them.

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Communist Manifesto

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In this document, Marx focused his attention on the economic conditions perpetuated by the capitalist system. He stated that its development had turned workers into a dehumanized mass who lived an existence that was at the mercy of their capitalist employers.

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Productive Forces

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Technology, energy sources, and material resources. Economic structures in society that control all human relations.

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Productive Relations

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The relationships that exist among the people producing goods and services.

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Capitalist Bourgeoisie

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The owners of the means of production (own the goods and services).

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Proleteriat

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A term used by Marx to refer to the working class members of society who produce goods and services but do not own the means of production.

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Lumpen Proletariat

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The fringe members at the bottom of society who produce nothing and live, parasitically, off the work of others. They are not interested in revolutionary advancement and have no care or thought to class levels.

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Dialectic Method

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For every idea, or thesis, there exists an opposing argument, or antithesis. Because neither position can ever be truly accepted, the result is a merger of the two ideas, a synthesis. Marx adapted this analytic method for his study of class struggle.

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Thesis

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In the philosophy of Hegel, an original idea or thought.

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Antithesis

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An opposing argument.

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Synthesis

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A merger of two opposing ideas.

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Imperatively coordinated associations

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These associations are composed of two groups; those who possess authority and use it for social domination, and those who lack authority and are dominated.

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Supranational Crimes

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The study of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and the supranational penal system in which such crimes are prosecuted and tried.

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Surplus Value

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The Marxist view that the laboring classes produce wealth that far exceeds their wages and goes to the capitalist class as profits.

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Marginalization

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Displacement of workers, pushing them outside the economic and social mainstream.

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Globalization

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The process of creating transnational markets, politics, and legal systems in an effort to form and sustain a global economy.

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State (Organized) Crime

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Acts defined by law as criminal and committed by state officials, either elected or appointed, in pursuit of their jobs as government representatives.

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Instrumental Theorists

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The view that criminal law and the criminal justice system are capitalist instruments for controlling the lower class.

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Structural Theorists

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The view that criminal law and the criminal justice system are means of defending and preserving the capitalist system.

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Demystify

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To unmask the true purpose of law, justice, or other social institutions.

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Left Realism

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An approach that views crime as a function of relative deprivation under capitalism and that favors pragmatic, community-based crime prevention and control.

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Preemptive Deterrence

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Efforts to prevent crime through community organization and youth involvement.

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Critical Feminism

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Scholars, both male and female, who focus on the effects of gender inequality and the unequal power of men and women in a capital society.

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Patriarchal

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A society in which men dominate public, social, economic, and political affairs.

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Paternalistic Families

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Traditional family model in which fathers assume the role of breadwinners, while mothers tend to have menial jobs or remain at home to supervise domestic matters.

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Role Exit Behaviors

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In order to escape from a stifling life in male-dominated families, girls may try to break away by running away and or even attempting suicide.

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Egalitarian Families

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Families in which spouses share similar positions of power at home and in the workplace.

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Peacemaking

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An approach that considers punitive (disciplinary) crime control strategies to be counterproductive and favors the use of humanistic conflict resolution to prevent and control crime. Offers a new approach to crime control through meditation.

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Power-Control Theory

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The view that gender differences in crime are a function of economic power (class position, one earner versus two earner families) and parental control (paternalistic versus egalitarian families).

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Restorative Justice

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Using humanistic, non-punitive (no punishment) strategies to right wrongs and restore social harmony.

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shame

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The feeling we get when we don't meet the standards we have set for ourselves or that significant others have set for us.

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Reintegrative Shaming

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A method of correction that encourages offenders to confront their misdeeds, experience shame because of the harm they caused, and then be reincluded in society.

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Sentencing Circle

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A peacemaking technique in which offenders, victims, and other community members are brought together in an effort to formulate a sanction that addresses the needs of all.