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47 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Crime

Define as human conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or a provincial or local jurisdiction that has the power to make such laws and for which there is some form of authorized sanction.


- Without laws, there won't be this_____?

Criminalize

To make illegal

Statute

A formal written enactment of a legislative body.

Statutory Law

Law in the form of statutes or formal written strictures made by a legislature or governing body with the power to make law.

The Political perspective on crimes

This perspective defines crime in terms of the power structures that exist in society and asserts that criminal laws do not necessarily bear any inherent relationship to popular notions of right or wrong.


- In other words, they support or make laws if anyone violent their political interests.



Deviant behaviour

Human activity that violates social norms . Not necessarily a criminal offense

Consensus perspective

An analytical perspective on social organization that holds that most members of society agree about what is right and wrong and that various elements of society work together toward a common vision of the greater good.

Pluralist perspective

An analytical approach to social organization that holds that a multiplicity of values and beliefs exists in any complex society but that most social actors agree on the usefulness of law as a formal means of dispute resolution

Conflict perspective

An analytical approach to social organization that holds that conflict is a fundamental aspect of social life and can never be fully resolved

Criminologist

One who is trained in the field of criminology, also, one who studies crime, criminals, and criminal behaviour.

Criminalist

A specialist in the collection and examination of the physical evidence of crime.

Social Policy

A government initiative, program, or plan intended to address problems in society.

Criminology

An interdisciplinary profession built around the scientific study of crime and criminal behaviour, including their forms, causes, legal, aspects, prevention, and control.

Criminality

A behavioural predisposition that disproportionately favours criminal activity

Criminal Behaviour

A way of acquiring valued resources from others by exploring and deceiving them.

Who are Criminal justice actors?

The scientific study of crime, the criminal justice system, including the police, courts, and corrections.

Theory

A series of interrelated propositions that attempt to describe, explain, predict, and ultimately control some class of events. Its findings may gain explanatory power from inherent logical consistency and is "tested" by how well it describes and predicts reality

General theory

A theory that attempts to explain all (or at least most) forms of criminal conduct through a single, overarching reality.



Unicausal

Having one cause. _______ Theories posit only one source for all that they attempt to explain.

Integrated theory

An explanatory perspective that merges (or attempts to merge) concepts drawn from different sources

Research

The use of standardized systematic procedures in the search for knowledge.

What are the steps of doing a scientific research?

1) Problem Identification


2) Research design development


3) i. a choice of data-gathering techniques


ii. data collection and analysis


4) A review of findings

Applied Research

Research based on a scientific inquiry that is designed and carried out with practical application in mind. The researcher is working on a goal, for example, an evaluation of the effectiveness of policies implemented to solve some specific aspect of the crime problem

Pure research

A research that is undertaken simply for the sake of advancing a scientific knowledge

Primary Research

Research characterized by original and direct investigation

Secondary Research

New evaluations of existing information collected by other researchers. Like using a collected information from the Canada Statistics

Hypothesis

1. An explanation that accounts for a set of facts and that can be tested by further investigation.


2. Something that is taken to be true for the purpose of argument or investigation.

Variable

A concept that can undergo measurable changes

Research Design

The logic and structure inherent in an approach to data gathering.

Confounding effect

A rival explanation, or competing hypothesis, that is a threat to the internal or external validity of a research design

Controlled experiment

An experiment that attempts to hold condition (other than the intentionally introduced experimental intervention) constant.

Quasi- experimental design

- An approach to research that, although less powerful than an experimental design, is deemed worthy of use when better designs are not feasible.


- This technique allows researchers a control over the "when and to whom" measurement

Survey Research

Research using a social science-data-gathering technique that involves the use of questionnaires

Case study

An in-depth investigation into an individual case.

Participant observation

A strategy in data gathering in which the researcher observes a group by participating, to varying degrees, in the activities of the group.

Self-report

A research investigation of subjects in order to record and report their behaviours

Secondary analysis

the reanalysis of existing data.


- ie using the Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics (CCJS) for your research data.

Correlation

A causal, complementary, or reciprocal relationship between two measurable variables

Quantitative method

A research technique that produces measurable results

Qualitative method

A research technique that produces subjective results or results that are difficult to quantify



Data confidentiality

The ethical requirement of social scientific research to protect the confidentiality of the individual research participants while preserving justified research access to the information participants provide



Informed consent

the ethical requirement of social scientific research that research subjects be informed as to the nature of the research about to be conducted, their anticipated role in it, and the uses to which the data they provide will be put

Social problems perspective

The belief that crime is a manifestation of underlying social problems such as poverty, discrimination, pervasive family violence, inadequate socialization practices, and the breakdown of tradition social institutions

Social Responsibility Perspective

The belief that individuals are fundamentally responsible for their own behaviour and that they choose crime over other, more law-abiding courses of action

Social relativity

The notion that social events are differently interpreted according to the cultural experiences and personal interests of the initiator, the observer, or the recipient of that behaviour

Criminal Justice system

the various agencies of justice, especially police, courts, and corrections, whose goal it is to apprehend, convict, sanction, and rehabilitate law violators

Socialization

The lifelong process of social experience whereby individuals acquire the cultural patterns of their society