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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Crime |
Define as human conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or a provincial or local jurisdiction that has the power to make such laws and for which there is some form of authorized sanction. - Without laws, there won't be this_____? |
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Criminalize |
To make illegal |
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Statute |
A formal written enactment of a legislative body. |
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Statutory Law |
Law in the form of statutes or formal written strictures made by a legislature or governing body with the power to make law. |
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The Political perspective on crimes |
This perspective defines crime in terms of the power structures that exist in society and asserts that criminal laws do not necessarily bear any inherent relationship to popular notions of right or wrong. - In other words, they support or make laws if anyone violent their political interests. |
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Deviant behaviour |
Human activity that violates social norms . Not necessarily a criminal offense |
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Consensus perspective |
An analytical perspective on social organization that holds that most members of society agree about what is right and wrong and that various elements of society work together toward a common vision of the greater good. |
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Pluralist perspective |
An analytical approach to social organization that holds that a multiplicity of values and beliefs exists in any complex society but that most social actors agree on the usefulness of law as a formal means of dispute resolution |
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Conflict perspective |
An analytical approach to social organization that holds that conflict is a fundamental aspect of social life and can never be fully resolved
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Criminologist |
One who is trained in the field of criminology, also, one who studies crime, criminals, and criminal behaviour. |
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Criminalist |
A specialist in the collection and examination of the physical evidence of crime. |
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Social Policy |
A government initiative, program, or plan intended to address problems in society. |
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Criminology |
An interdisciplinary profession built around the scientific study of crime and criminal behaviour, including their forms, causes, legal, aspects, prevention, and control. |
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Criminality |
A behavioural predisposition that disproportionately favours criminal activity |
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Criminal Behaviour |
A way of acquiring valued resources from others by exploring and deceiving them. |
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Who are Criminal justice actors? |
The scientific study of crime, the criminal justice system, including the police, courts, and corrections. |
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Theory |
A series of interrelated propositions that attempt to describe, explain, predict, and ultimately control some class of events. Its findings may gain explanatory power from inherent logical consistency and is "tested" by how well it describes and predicts reality |
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General theory |
A theory that attempts to explain all (or at least most) forms of criminal conduct through a single, overarching reality. |
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Unicausal |
Having one cause. _______ Theories posit only one source for all that they attempt to explain. |
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Integrated theory |
An explanatory perspective that merges (or attempts to merge) concepts drawn from different sources |
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Research |
The use of standardized systematic procedures in the search for knowledge. |
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What are the steps of doing a scientific research? |
1) Problem Identification 2) Research design development 3) i. a choice of data-gathering techniques ii. data collection and analysis 4) A review of findings |
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Applied Research |
Research based on a scientific inquiry that is designed and carried out with practical application in mind. The researcher is working on a goal, for example, an evaluation of the effectiveness of policies implemented to solve some specific aspect of the crime problem |
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Pure research |
A research that is undertaken simply for the sake of advancing a scientific knowledge |
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Primary Research |
Research characterized by original and direct investigation |
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Secondary Research |
New evaluations of existing information collected by other researchers. Like using a collected information from the Canada Statistics |
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Hypothesis |
1. An explanation that accounts for a set of facts and that can be tested by further investigation. 2. Something that is taken to be true for the purpose of argument or investigation. |
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Variable |
A concept that can undergo measurable changes |
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Research Design |
The logic and structure inherent in an approach to data gathering. |
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Confounding effect |
A rival explanation, or competing hypothesis, that is a threat to the internal or external validity of a research design |
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Controlled experiment |
An experiment that attempts to hold condition (other than the intentionally introduced experimental intervention) constant. |
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Quasi- experimental design |
- An approach to research that, although less powerful than an experimental design, is deemed worthy of use when better designs are not feasible. - This technique allows researchers a control over the "when and to whom" measurement |
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Survey Research |
Research using a social science-data-gathering technique that involves the use of questionnaires |
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Case study |
An in-depth investigation into an individual case. |
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Participant observation |
A strategy in data gathering in which the researcher observes a group by participating, to varying degrees, in the activities of the group. |
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Self-report |
A research investigation of subjects in order to record and report their behaviours |
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Secondary analysis |
the reanalysis of existing data. - ie using the Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics (CCJS) for your research data. |
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Correlation |
A causal, complementary, or reciprocal relationship between two measurable variables |
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Quantitative method |
A research technique that produces measurable results |
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Qualitative method |
A research technique that produces subjective results or results that are difficult to quantify |
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Data confidentiality |
The ethical requirement of social scientific research to protect the confidentiality of the individual research participants while preserving justified research access to the information participants provide |
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Informed consent |
the ethical requirement of social scientific research that research subjects be informed as to the nature of the research about to be conducted, their anticipated role in it, and the uses to which the data they provide will be put |
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Social problems perspective |
The belief that crime is a manifestation of underlying social problems such as poverty, discrimination, pervasive family violence, inadequate socialization practices, and the breakdown of tradition social institutions |
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Social Responsibility Perspective |
The belief that individuals are fundamentally responsible for their own behaviour and that they choose crime over other, more law-abiding courses of action |
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Social relativity |
The notion that social events are differently interpreted according to the cultural experiences and personal interests of the initiator, the observer, or the recipient of that behaviour |
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Criminal Justice system |
the various agencies of justice, especially police, courts, and corrections, whose goal it is to apprehend, convict, sanction, and rehabilitate law violators |
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Socialization |
The lifelong process of social experience whereby individuals acquire the cultural patterns of their society |