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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pyrrhic defeat theory
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A victory at such huge cost that it's really a defeat
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Paradigm
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Body of study/literature that's been dissected & studied by scientific community
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Who came up with Biological theory?
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Lombroso
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What is Biological Theory?
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People are born criminal due to something wrong with them (brain, genes, hormones, etc) and they can be identified by certain characteristics.
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What Policies for Biological Theory?
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'Cures" - invasive treatment (lobotomies, castrations) - can't be cured, only treated
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What method was used to come up with Biological Theory?
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The scientific method - empirical measure of evidence
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What is positivism?
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study of human behavior
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What is phrenology?
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Study of person's physical attributes
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What are atavists?
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Less developed individuals, lower on evolutionary scale
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What are the three somatotypes?
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endomorph - short fat
mesomorph - medium build ectomorph - tall skinny |
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Rational Choice Theory - what assumptions?
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1. Ppl have free will & are rational
2. Ppl are hedonistic (avoid pain, seek pleasure) 3. Bad behavior is determined by laws 4. Crime is a calculated choice (pros vs cons) |
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What constitutes deterrence under Rational Choice Theory?
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Certainty - sure you'll get punished?
Celerity - how quickly? Severity - how severe? |
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Under Rational Choice, deterrence will be successful as long as....
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Pain just outweighs pleasure
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Under Rational Choice, what two are better deterrents?
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Certainty and Celerity are better deterrents than Severity
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What policies would be implemented under Rational Choice?
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Increase certainty, celerity, severity
(ex: more cops, speed cameras, auto ticket cameras) |
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Under Rational Choice, what does the US CJ policy focus on? (certainty, celerity, severity)
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Not certainty - leaky system
Not celerity - takes so long SEVERITY! - we're so punative |
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In medieval times, what Rational Choice deterrent was thought most important?
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Severity
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In Game Theory/Prisoner's Dilemma, what strategy happens?
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'Dominant Strategy' - both confess
Confessing lowers the total risk |
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Under Rational Choice, according to Modern Deterrence Theory, crime is _____ and depends on ________&______. It occurs when....
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Crime is normal
Depends on conditions and opportunities Occurs when: 1. motivated offender (selectively chooses crime) 2. suitable target (gives pleasure, low certainty of caught) 3. no capable guardians (no security) |
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What types of crime does Rational Choice explain?
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White collar & opportunity crimes
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What is the fault of the Rational Choice theory?
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Only works on rational people!!!!
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In the Age of Enlightenment, what beliefs started being held?
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Innocent until proven guilty
No torture Laws clearly stated 'Deterrence' idea came about 'Reasonable doubt' - legal system still based on this all based on reason |
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Who came up with Psychoanalytic Theory?
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Freud
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What is Psychoanalytic Theory?
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Crimes result from personality, an imbalance in Id, Ego, & Superego
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What are Id, Ego, & Superego?
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Id - 'pleasure principle' - instincts, self-preservation, unconscious (seek pleasure, avoid pain)
Ego - 'reality principle' - conscious, personality, deals w/reality, weighs pros/cons, controls Id based on Superego Superego - unconscious, morals, self-criticism, society & parents put into you |
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What assumptions does Psychoanalytic Theory make?
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- some people have a propensity for crime depending on how you were raised
- crime is irrational - personality characters, biological factors, social interactions influence id, ego, superego which determine liklihood of crime |
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How you're raised & develop mentally (process of socialization) influences your cognitive development (inner controls to curb tendencies) which leads to your balance of Id & Superego.
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(just to study that - good summary)
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Psychoanalytic Theory thinks that childhood experiences are ______. Examples?
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Important!
- abnormal emotional adjustment (death, poverty, lack of stimuli) - abnormal maturation/control of instincts (spoiled kids) - poor early relationship with parents (non-nurturing environment) - underdeveloped/disruption of superego (never learned right/wrong, morals) - unresolved guilt (seeks punishment to make up for absence of discipline) |
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Psychoanalytic Theory thinks that Criminal behavior itself is ______?
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NOT IMPORTANT
Just focused on person & why they commit crime. |
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Psychoanalytic Theory believes that crime is an outward manifestation of _________?
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Improper cognitive development
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What crimes are best explained by Psychoanalytic Theory?
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Theft, rape, sex crimes, murders - crimes that pertain to an individual
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How does Psychoanalytic Theory related to Rational Choice Theory?
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Rational Choice says you'll have free will to choose crimes based on pros/cons.
Psychoanalytic Theory says you can't weigh these equally b/c imbalance of Id & superego b/c of how you were raised.... your 'choice' is already biased towards criminality |
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According to Psychoanalytic Theory, what happens if there's overdeveloped Id?
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Acts on instincts, low self control, selfish
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According to Psychoanalytic Theory, what happens if there's weak ego?
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Can't balance between Id & Superego, makes poor decisions, can't keep self in check
(can happen from oversocialization (over-coddling), leading to a trapped ego, decision making stunted) |
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According to Psychoanalytic Theory, what happens if there's underdeveloped superego?
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No morals, don't know right from wrong
(can happen from undersocialization (not pushed enough), no sense of right/wrong) |
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According to Psychoanalytic Theory, what happens if there's overdeveloped superego?
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Feel guilty about everything b/c morals are so strong, lose self identity, only solution is to die (?)
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What does Psychoanalytic Theory ignore?
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Larger social issues & influences on behavior!
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What's wrong/frustrating with Psychoanalytic Theory?
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It's so much subconscious! How do you test or measure it?
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What policies would be put in under Psychoanalytic Theory?
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Treatment, counseling, diagnosing.
Would free up prison space b/c would treat/diagnose instead of locking up. |
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Who came up with Ecological/Social Disorganizational Theory background?
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Durkheim
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How was Ecological/Social Disorganizational Theory a shift in thinking?
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Shift to social factors from individual factors
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What is the underlying idea of Ecological/Social Disorganizational Theory?
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Crime is caused by the environment
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What is anomie?
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When the norms of society are not solidified.
'Normlessness' |
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What are the assumptions of Durkheim (Ecological/Social Disorganizational Theory)?
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- humans are social beings
- society is balanced in consensus of moral values - everything serves a function (crime builds the collective conscience) - Ppl commit suicide/are deviant b/c they lose purpose, are not integrated |
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What is Social contract?
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What holds societies together (part of contract is to abide by laws)
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What is Collective conscience?
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- moral fabric
- embodiment of moral values we hold dear - we shape & are shaped by society |
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What is social solidarity?
Mechanical? Organic? |
Basis of society - how close-knit a group is.
Mechanical - come together b/c we're all so similar/do the same thing Organic - come together b/c we're interdependent |
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How can crime serve a function?
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Crime offends the collective conscience & brings society together - reinforces group norms & group solidarity - close knit groups are more healthy & resistant to crime
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What are the 4 types of suicide?
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Egoistic
Altruistic Anomic (most important) Fatalistic |
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What is egoistic suicide?
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too little socialization, not part of whole
No goals, responsibilities |
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What is altruistic suicide?
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Too much integration, willing to die (ex: suicide bombers, religion, cult)
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What is anomic suicide?
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Conditions in society break apart, causing a feeling of normlessness
Has no purpose b/c no sense of what's normal - individual & society disconnected - conditions of society not normal (ex: great depression) |
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What is fatalistic suicide?
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Social regulation is completely instilled - collective conscience is TOO STRONG - big brother, etc
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What is 'broken window' theory?
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Broken windows are symptomatic of ANOMIC society - a sign no one cares (no one has replaced or fixed)
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What policies should be introduced according to Ecological/Social Disorganizational Theory?
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- Identify problems in neighborhoods
- Try and keep city looking nice - Create neighborhood watches - Create more social integration opportunities (ex: school, PTA) |
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What are defensible spaces?
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Spaces that can be defended - like cul-de-sacs, where it's easy to tell if someone's not supposed to be there
Helps people take ownership of neighborhood |
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What is natural surveillance?
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A feeling of safety because many other people are around and watching, and even know each other
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What is Strain Theory?
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There are goals and means, and strain occurs when there is a gap between the means & goals
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What assumptions does Strain Theory make?
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People are rational, anomie is present
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What are the 5 Typographies?
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For the goal 'making money'
Conformist - + goal, + means (gets a job, education) Innovator - + goal, - means (does not have means to do it in + way, robs, steals, cheats) Ritualist - - goal, + means (given up on goal, but keeps showing up, hates job, etc) Retreatist - - goal, - means ('life sucks', doesn't bother to try) (can also be: overthrow govt by bombing) Rebel - -/+ goal, -/+ means (not always thought of as a legitimate goal) |
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According to Strain Theory, what emphases characterize American culture?
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Strong emphasis on material goods, weak emphasis on whether means are + or -
(feel must achieve at all costs!) |
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What types of crime can Strain Theory explain?
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Stealing in order to provide
White collar crimes |
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What policies should be implemented, according to Strain Theory?
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Ensure + means aren't blocked so ppl can reach goals!
(ex: education, good jobs) |
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What is Social Learning Theory?
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Individuals are socialized via agents (families, schools, etc). People learn behavior from who they are in contact with.
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What assumptions does Social Learning Theory make?
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We start off like a blank slate.
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What is Differential Association? (Social Learning Theory)
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Behavior is learned & reinforced through peer groups
(who hang out with influences behavior) (crime is learned, attitudes, methods, & values towards it are learned) |
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According to Social Learning Theory, when does crime happen?
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When definitions to break the law (from friends) outweigh definitions to obey law (from parents)
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What policies should be implemented under Social Learning Theory?
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Remove people from bad environments & surround with positive influences
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What are the techniques of neutralization?
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Denial of responsibility - I'm a victim of circumstance/was beyond my control
Denial of injury - It didn't hurt anybody Denial of the victim - They deserved it! Condemnation of the condemners - You're condemning me out of spite/You're shifting the blame from yourself! Appeals to higher loyalties - It was for the greater good/The consequences justify the actions |
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What is Social Control Theory?
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We are prevented from doing bad things by social controls we built in while being socialized as a child.
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What are the assumptions of Social Control Theory?
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Why DON'T people commit crime?
People are naturally bad - will do what feels good w/o doing what's acceptable. |
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How does Social Control Theory differ from Social Learning Theory?
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Social Learning says you learn to be bad/good.
Social Control Theory says you have to learn to be good! From socialization.You counter your natural tendency to do it. |
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What does Social Control Theory explain that Rational Choice theory cannot?
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Rat Choice thinks all ppl will commit crime given the chance
Social Control says it has more to do with whether you have self-control or not! Also explains why some people won't make the Dominant Strategy |
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What are the criticisms of Social Control Theory?
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- Rehabilitation sometimes works - so must be able to readjust self control
- Ppl w/good upbringing can still go bad - You can't test it! How define low self-control? |
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What policies should be implemented under Social Control Theory?
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- Educate & aid parents to be better
- Do everything possible to instill self-control early on (home visits, schools) |
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What is Labeling Theory?
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The danger in being too punitive is that once labeled a 'criminal' it becomes your 'master status' and makes hard to reintegrate.
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In Labeling Theory, what is primary deviance?
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Individual commits crime
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In Labeling Theory, what is secondary deviance?
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Societal reaction - the CJ system amplifies the crime, which leads to acceptance of the label/status
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Why is it so difficult to rehabilitate/reintegrate someone with a criminal 'master status'?
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They cannot act normally until society treats them normally
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Why Labeling Theory so concerned about juveniles?
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- stigma can lead to more crime
- more impressionable (care more about labels) - children age out of crime but label will follow & hinder! - labeling so early ruins life |
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What is Symbolic Interactionism?
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We become/think of ourselves what we think other people think of us.
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How does Labeling Theory tie in with Strain Theory?
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Having a label gets rid of many of your + means to pursue goal!
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What policies should be implemented according to Labeling Theory?
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Label must be removed or minimized after punishment
More diversion policies/alternative sentencing (rehab/treatment) |
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What is reintegrative shaming?
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After shaming for punishment, have to delabel symbolically so they can be reaccepted by society & move on
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