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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What three main features of American policing were inherited from England? |
-Limited Authority -local control -organizational fragmentation |
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What was the frankpledge and how did it work? |
A rule requiring 10 families to uphold the law and maintain order |
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What did the Statute of Winchester establish |
Establish a parish constable-watch system. Citizens were required to pursue criminals |
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What did the Metropolitan Police Act establish |
Established the first organized police force in London |
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What were the four mandates of the English police force in the nineteenth century? |
-To prevent crime without the use of repressive force -To manage public order nonviolently -To minimize and reduce conflict between citizens and the police -To demonstrate efficiency by the absence of crime |
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What are the major historical periods of American policing |
Political Era, professional model era, community policing era |
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What was the main feature of the political era? |
Close ties between police and politicians (created corruption) |
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What were the major recommendations of the Progressive reformers? |
-Police should be removed from politics -Police should be well-trained -Law should be enforced equally -Technology used -Crime fighting role should be prominent |
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What are the main criticisms of the professional model era |
It isolated the police from the community |
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What is community policing |
The police should be close to the community, provide services, and deal with the little problems |
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Why are some law enforcement agencies located overseas? |
Because of the increase in international criminality in a shrinking world |
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What are the functions of most state police agencies? |
traffic laws, general police powers |
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Besides law enforcement, what functions do sheriffs perform? |
Operate jails, move prisoners, and provide court bailiffs |
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What are the main characteristics of the organization of the police in the US |
Local control, fragmentation |
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What is the order maintenance function? What are officers expected to do in situations where they must maintain order |
Police have a broad mandate to prevent behavior that either disturbs or threatens to disturb the peace or involves face-to-face conflict among two or more people. Officers are expected to handle the situation |
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How do law enforcement situations compare with order maitenence situations |
Police in order maintenance sitations must determine if a law has already been broken. In law enforcement, the fact is already known. Thus, officers must only find and apprehend the offender |
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Three characteristics of bureaucracy |
-Division of labor -Chain of command -Rules and procedures |
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What are the five operational units of police departments with sufficient size for specializtion |
-Patrol -Investigation -Traffic -Vice -Juvenille |
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Watchman style policing emphasizes |
-Order maintenance -Extensive use of discretion -and differential treatment of racial and ethnic groups |
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Key feature of legalistic style policing |
Professionalism and using a single standard of law enforcement throughout the community |
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Where is service style policing |
Suburban middle-class communities |
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What are the two reasons that urban residents sometimes resent the police |
Permissive law enforcement and police abuse of power |
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What problems do officers face in a multicultural society? |
-Stereotyping -Cultural differences -Language differences |
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Main requirements for becoming a police officer |
-High school diploma -Good physical condition -Absence of a criminal record |
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What type of training do officers need |
Preservice training, in the police academy |
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Where does socialization to police work take place? |
On the job |
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Two key elements that define the officers working personality |
Danger and authority |
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Four types of stress felt by police |
-External stress -Organizational stress -personal stress -operational stress |
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What is incident-driven policing |
Citizen expectation that the police will respond quickly to every call |
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What is differential response |
Policy that prioritizes calls according to whether an immediate or delayed response is warrented |
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Basic measures of police productivity |
-Clearance rate (percentage of crimes known to the police that they solved through arrest) -This is measured by traffic tickets and stop-and-frisk searches |
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Difference between line and staff functions
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-Line functions are directly involved in field operations -Staff functions supplement and support line function |
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Three parts of the patrol function |
-Answering calls for assistance -Maintaining a police presence -probing suspicious circumstances |
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Job of detective? |
-Examine crime scene -Question witnesses -Gather evidence |
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Four steps of the apprehension process? |
-Detection of crime -Preliminary Investigation -Follow-up investigation -Clearance and arrest |
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What kinds of special operations units do police departments employ? |
Traffic, vice, narcotics and juvi |
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What did the Kansas City study show about preventive patrol |
Crime rates are not affected by changes in patrolling strategies, such as assigning more officers |
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What is directed control |
Proactive patrol strategy to direct resources to known high-crime areas |
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What is aggressive patrol |
Strategy to maximize the number of police interventions and observations in the community |
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Major elements of community policing? |
-Emphasizes order maintenance and service -Involve members of the community -Foot patrol |
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What kinds of new weaponry have police employed |
Less lethal weapons like -beanbag projectiles -Tasers -Pepperball projectiles |
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What have officials done to improve homeland security |
-Planning and coordinating with other agencies -New equipment and training -Incident Command System |
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Criticisms towards the Patriot Act |
-Permits too much gov authority for searches and wiretaps -Defines domestic terrorism in ways that might cause protests |
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What are the three models for private employment of officers |
-Department contract model -officer contract model -union brokerage model |
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How did the Supreme Court rule in Tennessee vs. Garner? |
Deadly force may not be used in taking down a fleeing felon unless it is necessary Or if the officer has probable cause that he is a danger |
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Difference between grass eaters and meat eaters |
Grass eaters accept pay off Meat eaters misuse their power for personal gain |
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Four methods used to increase the civic accountability of the police
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-Internal affairs units
-Civilian review boards -Standards and accreditation -Civil liability suits |
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What is the importance of the decision in Monell vs Department of Social Services of the City of new York |
Allows citizens to sue officers and the agency when an individual's civil rights are violated |
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May officers use senses other than sight |
Only smell |
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Where can officers search without a warrant? |
Immediate area of the arrestee and rooms where the arrestee may have recently been |
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What are exigent circumstances? |
Urgent situations where officers don't need a warrant |
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What is public safety exception? |
Officers don't have to read the Miranda rights if public safety is threatened |
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Why was the exclusionary rule created and eventually applied to the states |
To deter officers from violating peoples rights The supreme court rules it essential to the fourth and fifth amendments |
