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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Sir Robert Peel
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made the tithing system while in congress
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London Metropolitan Police
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Scotland Yard
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Three Eras of Modern Policing
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political, reform, community
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August Vollmer
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helped create academic courses for police and helped create the police we know today
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FBI
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Federal Bereau of Investigation
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DEA
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Drug Enforcement Administration
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U.S. Marshalls
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Main duties include providing security at federal courts, protecting government witnesses, transporting federal prisoners. Also operates Federal Witness Security program
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ATF
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Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives: concerned with the illegal sale, possession, and use of firearms and the control of untaxed liquor and tobacco products
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IRS
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Internal Revenue Service: enforces violations of income, excise, stamp and other tax laws. Often involved with a variety of types of crimes from a tax “point of view” (e.g. gambling and selling drugs)
*3 divisions -examination branch -collections -criminal investigation division (CID) |
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ICE
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Immigration and Customs Enforcement: created after 9/11 by combining the law enforcement arms of the former immigration and naturalization service (INS) and the former US Customs Service
-Goal: “to more effectively enforce our immigration and customs laws and to protect the US against terrorist attacks |
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CBP
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Customs and Border Protection: main duties include monitoring and policing the flow of good and people across the United States international borders with Mexico and Canada
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US Secret Service
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protects the President, VP and others
-enforces laws against counterfeiting |
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State Police Agencies
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highway safety
-law enforcement in various areas -technical support to other agencies |
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County Sheriff’s Department/County Police Department
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law enforcement
-local corrections (jail) -court–related duties -in some places they collect taxes |
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Thurman v. City of Torrington (1984)
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landmark case on police failure to protect victims of domestic violence
-mandatory arrest laws |
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The Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment
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Experiment where police response to minor domestic disturbances was randomly determined.
possible responses were *arrest *separate *advise |
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mandatory arrest laws
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advantages
*more uniform – people treated equally *takes discretion away from cops -disadvantages *not fair in some cases *people can be arrested when they did nothing *may prevent people from calling the police because they don’t want to be arrested |
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the police academy
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law of arrest, search, seizure and interrogation
-weapons use -crime scene preservation -witness interviewing -First aid -report writing -physical training and more……. |
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field training
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rookies teamed with seasoned officers
-recruits are socialized into the subculture. (Socialized = taking on the rules and values of a group or subculture) |
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Five Basic Values of Police Subcultures
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only a police officer can understand the “true” nature of police work
>the courts have placed too many restrictions on the police. To fight crime police may be forced to bend or break the law >the police officer is the ONLY REAL CRIME FIGHTER >the public is fickle when it comes to police work. They are quick to criticize unless they are the ones who need help >loyalty is the highest virtue among police officers because everyone else is out to get them |
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The “Blue Curtain” a.k.a The Code
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the core values of the police subculture separate them from the civilians that they are meant to protect
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Effects of Stress
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alcoholism
>depressions or suicide – avg of 300/year >divorce >violence >PTSD |
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Police Cynicism
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characterized by rejection of the ideals of truth and justice –the very values that an officer is sworn to uphold
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When is Police Use of Non-deadly force OK
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to prevent an escape
>to retake a suspect after an escape attempt >to overcome an offender’s resistance to a lawful arrest >to protect the officer from bodily harm >to protect the suspect, other persons, or property from harm |
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Types of Police Corruption
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Bribery: money or other forms of payment for favors
>Mooching: free “gifts” for favorable treatment >Shakedowns: attempts to coerce money or goods from a citizen or criminal |
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Causes of Police Corruption
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lack of proper training
>lack of supervision >exorbitant money that can be made >insulating effects of the police subculture |
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Tennessee vs. Garner
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it is improper to fire at a fleeing suspect
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Broken Windows Theory
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Neighborhood disorder creates fear
>Neighborhoods give out crime-promoting signals >Police need citizen’s cooperation |
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Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment (1972-1973)
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>”Reactive” beats – all preventive patrol withdrawn. Answered only calls for service
>”Proactive” beats – Preventive patrol increased >”Control” beats – same level of services as before >Variations in patrol techniques (normal, proactive, and reactive) had very little effect on crime and citizen’s attitudes towards the police |
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Miranda vs. Arizona (1966)
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you have the right to remain silent
>if you decide to make a statement, the statement can and will be used against you in a court of law >you have the right to have an attorney present at the time of the interrogation, or you will have an opportunity to consult with an attorney. >if you cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed for you by the state. The Effects of Miranda >little effect on number of confessions and convictions >forced the police to use investigative techniques other than confessions |
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Stop and Frisk
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police do not need probable cause to stop a person who is reasonably suspected of criminal activity, whether in a car or on foot.
>however, they must have a reasonable suspicion that the suspect is armed and presently dangerous in order to frisk for concealed weapons |
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Warrantless Searches
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diminished expectation of privacy in automobiles
>however, to search a car one of three things must occur: -the person gives consent -the person is arrested -the police have probably cause that an automobile contains evidence of a crime |
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Exclusionary Rule
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no object may be used in court as evidence if obtained illegally or without a proper search warrant
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Differential Response System
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a patrol strategy that assigns priorities to calls for service and chooses the appropriate response
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