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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Classical School
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18th century - Beccaria & Bentham
Macro Theory law and society (punishment) People are free willed rational individuals Did not believe in capital punishment -- believed in deterrence; 2 types of -Specific applied to those offenders -General: potential offenders (setting an example) 3 components of deterrence: -celerity: speed of which punishment is applied -certainty: making sure punishment happens -severity: the amount of pain to be inflicted. Social contract: btw the state and its citizens |
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Positivist School
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19th Century - Early 20th Century
Micro theory Behavior is determined by bio, social, and psychological choices (scientific) Lombroso father of modern crim degenerative naturels: physical abnormalities held by criminals; they were Born criminals Sheldon - body type theory: somotypes: fat, skinny etc... effected ur criminal beh. -criminals treated, rehabilitated and put back into society (not punished) |
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Chicago School
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Early 20th century
Human behavior is developed and changed by the social and physical environment, rather the genetic structure. Ecological and Social disorganization theory (Park & Burgess) -People closest to the loop area (business area) were the most deviant; the further from the area the less deviance. WHY? different social vlaues, creates conflict, inhibits bond, constant change= feelings of invasion |
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Rational theories
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1970-1980
1.) Routine Activity Theory (RAT) Motivation alone is not enough to commit a crime, you have to have opportunity. - for a crime to occur u need (Cohen and Felson): a.) motivated offender b.) suitable target c.) Absence of capable guardian 2.) Life Style Theory: Focuses on how people become victims (e.g., environment - where you hang out, who u hang out with etc...) 3.) Rational Choice Theory a.) environmental decision : why ppl decide to be criminals b.) event decision: opportunity arises (lack of capable guardian) |
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Mertin's Models of Adaption (Anomie)
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1930 - strain from Agnrew's theory
Five ways of adapting to strain caused by restricted access to the socially approved means and goals (e.g., the American dream) 1.) Conformity: most people follow this, otherwise society wouldnt work - the rest are real deviance. -- if you cant confirm bcuz of relative deprivation; dont have the tools to achieve the goals - you will deviate ... 2-5 2.) Innovation: accepts the goals but rejects the means (rob a bank of make money= have money = its okay) 3.) Ritualism: You lower you expectation to better align your goals w/ ur means (less goal, more conform) 4.) Retreatism: rejection of both goals and means and opt's out of society and escapes (e.g., drugs, cults etc...) 5.) Rebellion: unlike the others, which deal with rejection, rebellion is a substitution of new goals and means (E.g., revolutionary, terrorist) |
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Anomie Theory
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-Merton & Durkheim
A state of normlessness - the breakdown of social norms and a condition in which those norms DO NOT control the activity of societal members |
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Durkheim
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functionalist
Crime serves a social function; it brings people together through moral outrage we reaffirm who we are- but it has to be held in check Crime is inevitable - new variance will always be created. |
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Differential association theory
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Sutherland drew from Chicago school
Criminal behavior is based on interactions we have with other people; learned like any other behavior. - deviance is a result of different social organization that is violation norms or laws; it is NOT disorganized. Is dependent on three things: frequency Duration Priority Intensity ***#6 A person becomes delinquent bcuz of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of the law over definitions unfavorable to violating the law. (a.k.a., more benefits for u to break it then to follow it) |
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Albert bandura's social learning
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Study emphasized the role of observation and modeling on social learning
aggression towards the blow up figure demonstrated in children if they observed it vs . children who did not observe it(who did not act aggressively) |
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Skinner's Bird
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Reinforcements and punishment
Both had positive and negative Reinforcements: P = add something good, N= removed something unpleasant Punishment: P = added something unpleasant, and N= took away something pleasant |
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How is deviance created?
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It is not the action; rather the reaction to the action that creates the deviance
-many people are deviant but only some people are criminally charged |
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Interactionists
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How people interact
Focus on norm violating behavior that triggers an official response (people have to react/give a shit) |
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Organized systemic deviance
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norm violating behavior
interactionists will look at thow the behavior is defined, applied and reacted to (e.g., the double standard phenomena) |
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Stigma
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Any attribute that is applied to a person that so devalues their social identity that it DISQUALIFIES this person from FULL social acceptance (e.g., pedophile)
All theories implicitly or explicitly deal w/ stigmatization |
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Charles Cooley
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Looking glass Self: your social identity and primary cause for social behavior.
1.) How actors imagine they appear to others 2.) How actors believe others judge their appearance 3.) how actors develop feelings of shame or pride based on that judgment. Your social self is never defined; every time you interact with someone you are being redefined |
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Tannerbaum
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Many people engage in deviance but not all people are caught- why?
grew from cooley, mead and blummers Reactions are different bcuz not everyone is created equally Tagging: reaction sticks; you are singled out ( arrest, tried, convincted)--also referred to as the DRAMATIZATION OF EVIL; you are set out as an example FOR EVERYONE.... |
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Lemert
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Crime begins w/ a social audience (if no one saw- who cares; reaction is what matters)
Primary deviance: occasional and spontaneous rule breaking beh - not habitual (e.g., slashing tires, blazing sometimes) - will remain primary as long as there' is not a neg social reaction that alters ones social identity Secondary Deviance: Behavior that steams from the orders of primary deviance and has become part of their identity - negative self image Deviant career: I am a stoner, therefore i will get high **deviant is a passive victom of social labeling, and participants in creating and confirming a deviant career |
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Becker
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how deviance is created
Make rules that constitute deviance Apply rules to particular people Label those people as outsiders (push them to the outskirts of town) *The deviant is the one who the label has been SUCCESSFULLY applied to |
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Moral enterprise/ entrepreneur
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the efforts certain interest groups who do not carry the force of law, have their views imposed as law ( "skank add" in paper for pregnat mothers wanting to give child up for adoption)
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Master Status
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the application of one deviant attribute which over rides ALL of ones other positive attribute
No matter how many positive attributes you have, you remain the guy who got a DUI on NYE.... |
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Retrospect interpretation
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Making the deviant label all ecompasing of their character...
In an effort to makes sense of the situation, kernal who murderd/raped two women, look back and say " Now that i think about it, he did do ....." -reaffirming the master status |
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dramaturgy
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student of becker
-focused on how we act in the social world and social interaction in general create a self- attempt to make it as favorable as possible 1.) deviance is the result of social processes 2.) deviance achieved thru social def not inherent traits 3.) society determines if your act is deviance (to react or not react...) 4.) negative self image are the formal mechanisms of SOCIAL CONTROL 5.) labeling and handling by the criminal system perpetuates beh, not reducing crime |
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Braithwaite's shaming
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Disintegretive: destructive to ones identity because
1.) morally condemning 2.) isolating 3.) makes no attempt to connect the person to the community letter- they are isolated Reintegrative: 1.) express your disapproval 2.) reintegration; affirming that yes you did this but your still good (there is a portion of your behavior that is morally wrong) |
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Criticisms/limitations of labeling
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- no clear understanding of how deviance begins
-no empirical evidence labeling someone is anymore of deterrent that any other form of punishment |