Crim Exam 2

Front 1

What are the characteristics of Positivist Theory?

Back 1

The use of empirical (quantitative) or scientific investigation for the improvement of society.
1. measurement (quantification)
2. Objectivity (neutrality)
3. Causality (determinism)

Front 2

What is Atavism?

Back 2

Criminals were "throwbacks" to an earlier and more primitive evolutionary period.

Front 3

What is Phrenology?

Back 3

Attempted to determine intelligence and personality on the basis of size and shape of the skull and posited that certain areas of the brain corresponded to various psychological and intellectual characteristics.

Front 4

What is Eugenics?

Back 4

A movement to control degenerates through sterilization, euthanasia, and cutbacks in welfare.

Front 5

What is Social Darwinism?

Back 5

"survival of the fittest"

Front 6

What is the purpose of twin studies?

Back 6

helps attempt to address nature v. nurture

Front 7

What is the Id?

Back 7

unconscious; instant gratification (devil)

Front 8

What is the Ego?

Back 8

Conscious self tries to regulate behavior

Front 9

What is the Superego?

Back 9

Moral standards (angel)

Front 10

What is Dualistic fallacy?

Back 10

They call the idea that society may be clearly divided into criminals and noncriminals a dualistic fallacy, or a misguided notion.

Front 11

What's the Relationship between delinquency & IQ?

Back 11

Negative correlation- lower IQ, higher delinquency

Front 12

Which theorist/s proposed "criminal personality"?

Back 12

Yochelson & Samenow

Front 13

What is anomie?

Back 13

"normlessness" lack of structure & rules

Front 14

What is an innovator?

Back 14

Accepts the goals of success, but rejects or seeks illegitimate alternatives to the means of achieving these aims.

Front 15

What is a retreatist?

Back 15

Represents a rejection of both societally approved ends and means.

Front 16

What is a conformist?

Back 16

Accepts the goals of society and also the societally approved means of achieving this status.

Front 17

What is a ritualist?

Back 17

"mindless bureaucrat" who becomes so caught up in rules & means to an end that he/she tends to forget or fails to place proper significance on the goal.

Front 18

What is a rebel?

Back 18

Reject both means and goals and seeks to substitute alternative ones that would represent new societal goals as well as new methods of achieving them.

Front 19

What is institutional anomie?

Back 19

institutions where there is "normlessness"

Front 20

Which urban zone has most crime?

Back 20

Zone of transition

Front 21

In cloward & ohlin's opportunity there are 3 subtypes of gangs what are these & what do they do?

Back 21

Criminal- stable, structured & recruits new members in criminal careers.
Conflict- Focus on turfs. Found in areas where even illegal opportunities are limited.
Retreatists- focus on alcohol, drugs & sex. Least successful.

Front 22

What is inner containment?

Back 22

Self-control

Front 23

What is outer containment?

Back 23

Approval of others

Front 24

Hirschi's Social Bond Theory has 4 parts what are they?

Back 24

Attachment, Commitment, Involvement & belief

Front 25

What is the general theory of crime?

Back 25

Crime & criminals are two separate things

Front 26

What is Conflict Criminology?

Back 26

Emphasis on criminalization of behavior. Conflict world view. Question established social order. Oriented toward social change & justice.

Front 27

What is labeling theory?

Back 27

Primary Deviance- Initial deviant act.
Secondary Deviance- norm violation or crime that comes to the attention of significant others or social control agents.
Both positive & negative labels involve subjective interpretation of behavior. Moral entrepreneurs.

Front 28

What is a moral entrepreneur?

Back 28

Agents or officials who are concerned with creating and labeling new categories of deviance.

Front 29

What is primary deviance?

Back 29

Initial deviant act

Front 30

What is secondary deviance?

Back 30

norm violation or crime that comes to the attention of significant others or social control agents

Front 31

Critiques of labeling theory?

Back 31

Doesn't explain initial involvement in crime. Overly deterministic.

Front 32

What is an androcentric bias?

Back 32

Male experience is the "norm"

Front 33

What is the main focus of radical feminism?

Back 33

Views male aggression and control of female sexuality is basis of patriarchy and subordination of women.

Front 34

What is the main focus of liberal feminism?

Back 34

Proposed that female crime would increase as women assumed more assertive positions in society.

Front 35

What is left realism?

Back 35

Attempts to translate radical ideas into realistic social policy

Front 36

What is peacemaking criminology?

Back 36

Combines criminology with a religious approach; seeks to mediate conflict, assist victims, and reintegrate offenders into the community.

Front 37

What is the main focus of postmodernism?

Back 37

Examines how knowledge is constituted, significance of language and signs.

Front 38

What is global fallacy?

Back 38

Attempt to generalize relatively specific explanations to all types of crime.

Front 39

Biological explanations say crime is caused by what factors?

Back 39

Brain Disorders, Neurological conditions, childhood mental disorders, biochemical conditions, genetics & behavioral genetics, sociobiology & evolutionary psychology

Front 40

What is the evolutionary perspective?

Back 40

Evolutionary traits make people aggressive or predisposed to commit crime

Front 41

What is the biggest problem with trait theories?

Back 41

Tend to view criminals as "abnormal" when most are not.

Front 42

Definitions of psychopaths/sociopaths?

Back 42

Lack affect, empathy
Short-sighted
Need high arousal

Front 43

What is the cognitive theory?

Back 43

reasoning depends on sensory processing- the way people perceive their environment

Front 44

Why do people age out of crime?

Back 44

Reasoning ability improves with maturity

Front 45

What is Cohen's explanation of delinquent subculture?

Back 45

Views crime as the response to inability to live up to middle-class values

Front 46

What are Miller's focal concerns?

Back 46

"street rules" of lower class life (focal concerns) as alternatives to mainstream culture.
Trouble, Toughness, Smartness, Excitement, Fate & Autonomy

Front 47

What is Sutherland's differential association theory?

Back 47

Crime is learned behavior.

Front 48

Can you reverse a career criminal & if so how?

Back 48

Structure, Commitment & Identity

Front 49

What is the main link between capitalism and crime?

Back 49

Surplus value- getting more from the worker than one pays for.

Front 50

What is the most important goal of restorative justice?

Back 50

Assist victims & restore the community

Front 51

What are the concerns about restorative justice?

Back 51

Benefits may be short-term, doesn't meet needs of all victims, gives much power to the political system because of involvement in individual lives.