Crij Week 3 - Rev Questions Only

Front 1

How did Italian unification affect the Mezzogiorno?

Back 1

Little changed, the contadini (peasants) were repressed by other Italians rather than by foreigners.

Front 2

What aspects of Southern Italian culture led to the development of the Mafia?

Back 2

Variables necessary for survival in a hostile environment. Manliness, or Omerta which includes non cooperation with authorities and the vendetta. Oppression by northern laws?

Front 3

How does a mafioso act as a broker?

Back 3

They make bridges among dissimilar networks and promote cooperation between politicians, businessmen, union officials and criminals.

Front 4

What is the guarantor role of a mafioso?

Back 4

Through violence, or threat, he could guarantee safety and that agreements would be upheld. He acts as a guarantor so that persons who do not trust one another can transact business with a significant degree of confidence.

Front 5

How did Mussolini's rise to power in the 1920's impact the Sicilian and American Mafia?

Back 5

Sicilian Mafia became fascists, others fled to America when Mussolini began a bloody crackdown.

Front 6

How does the Nuovo Mafia differ from the old Mafia?

Back 6

The goal of the old mafia was power and respect. The new mafia is a materialist, power is simply a means to get wealth. The new mafioso is not bound by the traditions of the rural cosca and dressed like a successful businessman like American gangsters. New Mafia had a distinct American tint. They were more urban. Old Mafia benefited from feudal conditions

Front 7

How do the Mafia and Camorra differ?

Back 7

Whereas the Mafia began as more of an idea than an organization and evolved along cultural lines, the Camorra was deliberately structured as an urban-based criminal society. Camorra groups were used by facists to intimidate antigovernment peasants. In contrast to the Mafia, Camorra and 'Ndrangheta permit women to participate directly in their criminal activities.

Front 8

What are the characteristics of 'Ndrangheta?

Back 8

It has a Mafia-type hierarchy in each andrine or 'ndrina which is equal to a cosca. Members take a blood oath. To assert power, any power, is itself a triumph. They are sometimes called the Calabrian Mafia. Clans based on blood ties. They have the fida, also called no dejar la semilla which means to kill all members of a victim's family including women and children.

Front 9

What are the similarities between the Camorra and Sacra Corona Unita (SCU)?

Back 9

Catholic imagry, similar structure, ritual brotherhood, heirarchial, allows women to participate.

Front 10

Why does the SCU have close ties to Albania?

Back 10

SCU and Albania organized crime had same goals. Rather than fight each other they joined forces. A crackdown in Sicily on SCU led hundreds of mafiosi to relocate to Albania coast.

Front 11

What aspects of Albanian culture are suited to organized crime?

Back 11

The countries criminal groups have much in common with their southern Italian collegues, concepts of Omerta and Famiglia. Tradition of absolute loyalty to family.

Front 12

What led to the international expansion of Albanian organized crime?

Back 12

Immigration, operning of the country's borders and political disarray, migration

Front 13

What aspects of Colombian history and culture help promote drug trafficking?

Back 13

In Colombia, drug traffickers exemplify a lack of belief in the legitimacy of the country's political and economic institutions. When citizens doubt the fairness of their country's system, even if they do not violate the law, they tolerate others who do. The government represents imperialism. Culture has an indifference toward death.

Front 14

What was the relationship between Cuban exiles, Columbians, and cocaine trafficking?

Back 14

When Castro took power, he expelled American ganstgers who ran casinos in Havana. They and their Cuban associates fled to the US along with narcotraficiantes who had distributed cocane in Cuba. The Cubans had Columbian suppliers.

Front 15

Why did the relationship between Cubian exiles, Columbians and trafficking end?

Back 15

The Cubans were making the most money. The Colombians number had grown in the US and they took over.

Front 16

What variables account for the Colombian success in the cocaine business?

Back 16

The supply of cocaine was from Colombia. Colombia is well-positioned to recieve coca from Peru and Boliva and to export to the US by sea. The country has vast forests which can hide the illegal operations. They have momentum in the marked because of their early start. Economic upturn failed to bring respect for the government. They believe in fate and providence and are not so moved by personal danger. Lots of rural territory with little federal presence.

Front 17

What is the role of Marxist FARC guerillas in the cocaine business?

Back 17

They levy a tax and protect the drug business.

Front 18

How does their structure serve to protect Colombian trafficking organizations?

Back 18

It is compartmentalized hq separated from regional director separated from cells. Members across the structure do not know each other. High level's are insulated.

Front 19

Why are Colombian drug trafficking organizations vunerable to law enforcement?

Back 19

The sheer volumne of cartel transactions makes them vunerable to sophiticated law enforcement efforts.

Front 20

How did the Medellian cartel differ from the Cali cartel?

Back 20

They differ in class and social backgrounds. The paterfamilias of the Ochoa clan owns a country estate

Front 21

How did the business structure of the Medellin and Cali cartels make them both highly profitable and vunerable?

Back 21

They were both vertically integrated to maintain control over cocain throgh the entire chain. Good for profits, but a broken link can be devistating.

Front 22

How did the Colombian drug business change since the demise of the Medellin and Carli cartels?

Back 22

Successors learned that a multiplicity of smaller organizatins, cartelitos, with lower profile, are safer.

Front 23

What led to the Colombian entry into the heroin business?

Back 23

Columbian entry into heroin is based on demographics. Cocaine popularity faded in the late 1980's. Urban professionals turned away from the drug in the US. Columbians focued on Eurpoe where heroine was the hard drug of choice.

Front 24

How has the political climate of Mexico aided in the development of criminal organizations?

Back 24

The culture, just like Italy, is trust your relatives and close contacts, not others. Work for their good, not the wider good of the community. Political leaders have their intimate circle of contacts, relatives and childhood friends whom he protects and appoints. Patron-client relationships provide the backdrop of Mexican organized crime. Police could smack criminals around, keep people in order. They took bribes, protection money, etc. Govt officials unofficially reglulated the crime.

Front 25

How did the dismanteling of the Cali cartel affect Mexican traffickers?

Back 25

Smaller cartels took thier place. More people getting rich on drugs.

Front 26

What aspects of Mexican history and culture help promote drug trafficking?

Back 26

Trust your family, not outsiders, just like Mafia. Mistrust of the government as elitist.

Front 27

Why did the election of a reform president in Mexico lead to an unparalleled level of competitive violence?

Back 27

The violence was kept in check when corrupt officials worked with drug lords. This arrangmenet lost its stability when the PRI lost a presidential election.

Front 28

With what have Mexican trafficking organizations replaced traditional hierarchial structures?

Back 28

Decentralized networks of interdependent, task-oriented cells.

Front 29

How do organized crime leaders in Mexico differ from those of the American Mafia?

Back 29

Unlike American organized crime, they have an army of personnel, an arsonal of weapons, the finest technology money cander buy. Cartel militariazation.

Front 30

What are plazas that Mexican drug organizations seek to control?

Back 30

Plazas are transporation routs and hubs for illegal drugs.

Front 31

What role is played by Dominicans in drug trafficking?

Back 31

The Dominican Republic is a major transit country for cocaine moving to the US and serves drug smuglers as both a command-and-control center and transshipment point. They deal in designer drugs and estacy as well. They are good at moving large amounts of heroin and cocaine at the wholesale street level. They buy directly from Colombian importers.

Front 32

What country is the only in South America with both Pacific and Caribbean coastlines?

Back 32

Columbia

Front 33

How did the war in Colombia end?

Back 33

The liberals and the conservatives formed the National Front, but Marxist insurgencies and right-wing paramilitaries continue.

Front 34

The southern Italian experience led to the development of a culture that stresses what?

Back 34

Survival in a hostile environment, omerta and vendetta, in which the only basis of loyality is famiglia.

Front 35

Describe the family (not crime family) of southern Italy.

Back 35

The family was organized hierarchically, headed by the family patriarch.

Front 36

How does the Mezzogiorno compare to northern Italy?

Back 36

The Mezzogiorno lags far behind the north in economic development.

Front 37

Unification of Italy was harmful to the south as the new government issued edicts that affected the south adversly. This history led to what?

Back 37

Different types of criminal organization: Mafia, Camorra, 'Ndrangheta and more recently, Sacra Corona Unita.

Front 38

What does the mafioso in Southern Italy do for legitimate entrepreneurs?

Back 38

He provides insurance against otherwise untrustworthy suppliers or customers and offers himself as guarantor for business transactions.

Front 39

How did Mussolini influence Sicilian and American Mafia?

Back 39

Mussolini used police-state powers to move against Mafia and many fled to the US. After WWII the Nuvo Mafia adopted the patterns and dress of the American Mafia and began dealing drugs which the old Mafia would not do.

Front 40

Name some differences between the traditional Mafia and the Nuovo Mafia

Back 40

New mafioso were no longer un uomo di rispetto but simply urban gansters. The new mafisolo lacked popular support so the government moved against them. The Nuovo Mafia responded with attacks on public officials.

Front 41

Differences between Mafia and Camorra

Back 41

Mafia began as an idea then organized, Camorra was deliberately structured as an urban-based crime society. Camorra emerged as soon as allied forces left. They took control over agriculture and cattle and the urban Naples markets. Camorra dealt in cigarettes and construction business.

Front 42

Which group controles legal commerce and intrudces counterfeit goods?

Back 42

Camorra

Front 43

How do Camorra clans often cement alliances?

Back 43

by marraiges

Front 44

Do Camorra clans keep legitimate business and crime seporate?

Back 44

No, they often mix legitimate businesses such as construction with illegitimate such as drugs and arms trafficking

Front 45

Describe the center of a typical Camorra group.

Back 45

At the center of a typical Camorra group is a boss whose group is known by his surname.

Front 46

Are Camorra clans territorial?

Back 46

Yes, territorial control is essential to Camorra clans to assert domination

Front 47

Name some differences between Mafia and 'Ndrangheta

Back 47

The Calabria are located in the boot of Italy. They are based on blood ties for internal cohesion. Omerta remains strong in 'Ndrangheta and there are few cooperating witnesses of Calabrian origin.

Front 48

What region does the SCU come from?

Back 48

The puglia region at the heal of Italy is home to the Sacra Corona Unita.

Front 49

Are SCU religious?

Back 49

No, deespite the Roman Catholic imagery, it is a criminal organization.

Front 50

Why would Albania have a tie to SCU?

Back 50

Similar culture, violence, many albanians settled in Calabria where they integrated, massive migration of Albanians abroad provided perfect cover for Albanian criminals.

Front 51

What is the only South American country with both Pacific and Caribbean coastlines?

Back 51

Colombia

Front 52

Why is federal control weak in Colombia?

Back 52

Colombia is a relatively large country and many regions have only a weak federal presence.

Front 53

How did the war in Colombia end?

Back 53

The war officially ended when the Liberals and the Conservatives formed the National Front, but Marxist insurgencies and right-wing paramilitaries continue to threaten stability of the central government.

Front 54

Describe relationship and changes in relationship between cubans and columbians.

Back 54

Until the early 1970's, the importation of pot and cocaine into the US was largely a Cuban operation. When Colombian traffickers became highly organized both in the US and Columbia, Cubans became suborninate.

Front 55

Why do Colombians control the cocaine market?

Back 55

Colombians have been able to control the cocaine market because Colombia is well positioned both to receive coca from Peru and Boliva and to export to the US by air or sea. Colombia has vast forests to conceal operations and a reputation for violence.

Front 56

Marxist guerilla role in cocaine?

Back 56

Marxist guerilla forces of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) protect crops and levy taxes on the drug business.

Front 57

Paramilitaries role in drugs in colombia?

Back 57

Paramilitaries are sometimes allied with or against drug traffickers and receive financial backing from wealthy landowners.

Front 58

Two main Colombian cartels mentioned in the text?

Back 58

Medellin and Cari

Front 59

Who became a player in the drug business after the dismantaling of the Cali cartel?

Back 59

Mexican drug loards because it became more decentralized.

Front 60

Describe Mexican social society

Back 60

The focus is on the interests of the immediate and extended family, not the wider interests of society.

Front 61

Politics of Mexico favorable to corruption and drug traffickinig?

Back 61

A history of one-party domination intertwined with corruption, particularly in the underpaid law enforcement sector.

Front 62

What led to extreme violence in Mexico?

Back 62

the defeat of the PRI that disrupted agreements between govt. and crime.

Front 63

How does pop culture of Mexico aid traffickers?

Back 63

Pop culture in Mexico is infused with songs glamorizing drug trafficking and major narcotraficantes.

Front 64

Who controls most US drug market?

Back 64

Mexican drug trafficking organizations control must of the US drug market and have affiliations with gangs in the US

Front 65

What has made Mexican drug organizations powerful?

Back 65

They moved away from traditional hierarchial structures in favor of decentralized networks of interdependent, task-oriented cells.

Front 66

Describe the heads of Mexican drug trafficking

Back 66

Mexican drug organizations are family-run operations with a corresponding high degree of personal trust. Unlike those in the US, they have an army of people and an arsenal of weapons and finest technology.

Front 67

What do Mexican drug organizations seek to control?

Back 67

Rathern than controlling territory, Mexican drug organizations seek to control plazas, transport routs and hubs.

Front 68

Mexican drug trafficking is dominated by...

Back 68

about a half-dozen cartels: Herra Family, Sinola, gulf, Los Zetas, Tijuana, Juarez, La Familia Michoacana.

Front 69

Roll of Dominican organizations in drug trafficking?

Back 69

The Dominican Republic serves as a transshipment point, Dominican criminals in the US buy directly from Asian and Colombian importers and they share a common language with the Colombians.

Front 70

Role of MS-13?

Back 70

Salvadorians in LA formed mara salvatrucha, or MS-13. Smuggle cocaine and marijuana into the US and distribute nationwide.

Front 71

In Sicily, when the aristocracy collapsed, who took over administration of lands?

Back 71

Middlemen called gabelloti, managers who had already gained the reputation of uomi inteso or strong men.

Front 72

What does mafia mean?

Back 72

Mafia means “protection against the arrogance of the powerful, remedy to any damage, sturdiness of body, strength and serenity of spirit, and the best and most exquisite part of life”

Front 73

who declared the mafia defeated?

Back 73

In 1928, Mori declared that the Mafia had been destroyed. However, the reality was otherwise, and the Mafia began to reassert itself by 1941

Front 74

The conflict between the two Mafias is evidenced how?

Back 74

The contrast between the “Two Mafias” is evidenced by a conflict between the capomafiosi of Corleone in the immediate postwar years

Front 75

Who was Leggio?

Back 75

At the age of nineteen, Leggio became the youngest gabelloto in the history of Sicily. In 1967, the Mafia war led to the trial of 114 mafiosi, and Leggio emerged as the most powerful capomafioso

Front 76

The old Mafia benefited from ...

Back 76

The Old Mafia benefited from feudal conditions, living off control of the land and cheap labor

Front 77

Describe new mafia casca

Back 77

Each cosca is held together by a core of blood relatives and encompasses a membership of twenty-five to thirty persons

Front 78

describe the camorrista

Back 78

The camorrista was a flamboyant actor whose manner of walking and style of dress clearly marked him as a member of the societá.

Front 79

What effect did Mussolini have on the old Camorra?

Back 79

The old Camorra did not survive Mussolini because, like the Mafia, it required weak government control

Front 80

what led to the development of new Camorra gangs that operated for many years without direct conflict with their older and more established brethren who often had Sicilian Mafia ties

Back 80

A growing population and rampant poverty led to the development of new Camorra gangs that operated for many years without direct conflict with their older and more established brethren who often had Sicilian Mafia ties

Front 81

Compare modern Camorra to the Mafia

Back 81

The modern Camorra is less structured and less family based than the Mafia is. The Camorra has a general absence of rituals, although the NCO used a century-old ceremony to initiate members Territorial control is reputedly essential to Camorra clans

Front 82

Describe 'Ndrangheta

Back 82

The organization exhibits its criminal skills mainly in kidnapping, vast-scale international arms and drug trafficking, extortion from almost all profit-making activities, and control of public contracts Like the Mafia, the ’Ndrangheta has been active in provincial politics, but unlike the Mafia, until 2005 the ’Ndrangheta avoided direct confrontations with the Italian state

Front 83

Similarty between 'Ndrangheta and Mafia?

Back 83

Like the Mafia, the ’Ndrangheta has been active in provincial politics, but unlike the Mafia, until 2005 the ’Ndrangheta avoided direct confrontations with the Italian state