Cram For Physio 5% Endrocrinology

Front 1

Lymphokines are a subset of cytokines that are produced by a type of immune cell known as a lymphocyte. T

Back 1

hey are protein mediators typically produced by T cells to direct the immune system response by signalling between its cells.

Front 2

nterleukins are a subset of a larger group of cellular messenger molecules called cytokines, which are modulators of cellular behaviour.

Back 2

Like other cytokines, interleukins are not stored within cells but are instead secreted rapidly, and briefly, in response to a stimulus, such as an infectious agent.

Front 3

a T cell that influences or controls the differentiation or activity of other cells of the immune system.

Back 3

help·er cell

Front 4

Neuroendocrine hormone system

Back 4

relating to or involving both nervous stimulation and endocrine secretion.

Front 5

primary secretion due to neural stimuli

Back 5

adrenal, medullae, pituitary

Front 6

where do the "hyperthalamic" neuroendocrine cells' axons terminate

Back 6

posterior pituitary gland and median eminence .

Front 7

hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells secrete which neurohormones

Back 7

antidiuretic hormone, oxytocin, and hypophysiotropic hormones: these all control the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones

Front 8

Antidiuretic hormone, also called arginine vasopressin (AVP), is ahormone produced by the hypothalamus in the brain and stored in the posterior pituitary gland at the base of the brain.

Back 8

ADH helps regulate water balance in the body.

Front 9

Oxytocin is normally produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland. It plays a role in social bonding, sexual reproduction in both sexes, and during and after childbirth.

Back 9

It is released due to stretching of the cervix and uterus during labor and with stimulation of the nipples from breastfeeding.This helps with birth, bonding with the baby, and milk production.

Front 10

GHRH is a hypophysiotropic hormone.Hypophysiotropic hormones are produced by endocrine cells in the hypothalamus, and released at a capillary bed called the median eminence.

Back 10

They are conveyed directly to the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) via the hypophyseal portal vessels.

Front 11

Endocrine Hormones

Back 11

growth hormone (from the anterior pituitarygland) causes growth in most parts of the body, and thyroxine(from the thyroid gland) increases the rate of manychemical reactions in almost all the body’s cells

Front 12

adrenocorticotropic hormonefrom the anterior pituitary gland specifically stimulatesthe adrenal cortex, causing it to secrete adrenocorticalhormones

Back 12

the ovarian hormones have their main effects on the female sex organs and the secondary sexual characteristics of the female body.

Front 13

The multiple hormone systems play a key role in regulatingalmost all body functions, including

Back 13

metabolism, growth and development, water and electrolyte balance, reproduction, and behavior

Front 14

For instance, without growthhormone, a person would be a dwarf.

Back 14

Without thyroxine and triiodothyronine from the thyroid gland, almost all the chemical reactions of the body would become sluggish and the person would become sluggish as well.

Front 15

Without insulin from the pancreas, the body’s cellscould use little of the food carbohydrates for energy.

Back 15

And without the sex hormones, sexual development and sexual functions would be absent.

Front 16

Three general classes of hormones exist:

Back 16

Proteins and polypeptides

Front 17

Proteins and polypeptides

Back 17

including hormonessecreted by the anterior and posterior pituitarygland, the pancreas (insulin and glucagon), theparathyroid gland (parathyroid hormone), andmany others cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and subsequentlyactivation of protein kinases that initiate secretionof the hormone. The peptide hormones are watersoluble, allowing them to enter the circulatory systemeasily, where they are carried to their target tissues.

Front 18

cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)

Back 18

is a second messenger important in many biological processes. cAMP is a derivative of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and used for intracellular signal transduction in many different organisms, conveying the cAMP-dependent pathway.

Front 19

Steroid Hormones Are Usually

Back 19

Synthesized From Cholesterol and Are Not Stored.

Front 20

The chemical structureof steroid hormones is similar to that of cholesterol,

Back 20

and in most instances hormones are synthesized fromcholesterol.

Front 21

They are lipid soluble and consist of threecyclohexyl rings

Back 21

and one cyclopentyl ring combined into a single structure

Front 22

Although there is usually very little hormone storagein steroid-producing endocrine cells, large stores of

Back 22

cholesterol esters in cytoplasm vacuoles can be rapidlymobilized for steroid synthesis after a stimulus.

Front 23

Much ofthe cholesterol in steroid-producing cells comes from theplasma, but there is also de novo synthesis of cholesterolin steroid-producing cells.

Back 23

Because the steroids are highly lipid soluble, once they are synthesized, they can simply diffuse across the cell membrane and enter the interstitial fluid and then the blood.