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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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· Basing his or her work in theory helps a counselor do what?
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o Theories help counselors: 1.) Organize clinical data, 2.) Make complex processes coherent, 3.) Provide conceptual guidance for interventions.
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· The most powerful and dominant influencers of human behavior according to psychoanalytic theory AND Adlerian thought
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o Psychoanalytic theory § Unconscious mind. o Adlerian thought
§ Conscious
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· Psychoanalysis’ limitations
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o Expensive -doesn’t meet the needs for most people -hard to understand the concepts -hard to get training to use it (mainly for psychiatry)
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· According to Adler, a healthy style of life focuses on three main tasks: ________.
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o 1.) Social interests o 2.) Purposefulness of behavior
o 3.) Developing a healthy lifestyle
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· Rogers’ “necessary and sufficient conditions” for bringing about change in counseling
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o 1.) Empathy o 2.) Unconditional positive regards
o 3.) Congruence (openness, genuineness, etc.)
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· A major goal of existential counseling is for the client to shift from (an) ________ to a(n) _________.
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o Outward to inward?
o Observer to a shaper?
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· According to Gestalt theory, a person may experience difficulty in some ways
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o Lose contact with the environment
o Over involved with the en. And out of touch with the self
o Failure to put aside unfinished business
o Fragmented or scattered in many directions
o Conflict between what they should do and want to do
o Difficulty with contrasts of life (love/hate)
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· Behavioral therapy techniques
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Reinforcers, shaping, generalizing, maintenance, extinction, punishment, systematic desensitization, time out, overcorrection, and assertiveness training. |
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Ellis’s main assessment tool for REBT |
o ABCDE model, which helps people learn how feelings are attached to thoughts.
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· Reality therapy’s emphasis in its goals
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o Choice and responsibility
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· Basic assumptions of systems theories
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o Casuality is interpersonal o Psychosocial systems are best understood as repeated patterns of interpersonal interaction o Symptomatic behaviors must be understood from an interactional viewpoint
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Strategy family therapy’s view of human nature |
o Structure o Coalitions o Cross-generational alliances
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· Techniques of solution-focused counseling.
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o 1.) Miracle question § “Suppose a miracle happened that solved all the problems that brought you here. How would you know it? What would be different?” o 2.) Scaling § Evaluates problem on a scale from 1-10. o 3.) Compliments o 4.) Clues o 5.) Skeleton keys § Procedures that have worked before and have universal applications to unlocking a variety of problems
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· Two concepts emphasized by the narrative family counseling approach
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o 1.) Meaning or knowledge is constructed through social interaction 2.) There is no absolute reality except as a social product |
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· Four of the most common types of crises
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o 1.) Developmental o 2.) Situational o 3.) Existential o 4.) Ecosystemic
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Advantages of group counseling |
o Groups can help individuals with a variety of problems. o Groups can be beneficial for: elementary through high school students; promoting career development; adult women; adult men; dealing with stressors; adolescent offenders; and many more
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· Types of groups
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o 1.) Psychodrama § Enact unrehearsed role-plays. o 2.) T-Groups § T= training; how the individual functions within the group o 3.) Group Marathons § Lasts for a minimum of 24 hours o 4.) Self-Help/ Support § Support- organized by pro. helping org./individual § Self-Help- originates spontaneously and stress independence and internal group resources.
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· What is self-help/support group: any examples?
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§ Support- organized by pro. helping org./individual · Focus on a certain topic. § Self-Help- originates spontaneously and stress independence and internal group resources. · Alcoholics anonymous, weight watchers. o Psychodrama group § Sometimes known as guidance groups or educational groups.
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· Stages in groups
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o 1.) Forming o 2.) Storming o 3.) Norming o 4.) Performing/working o 5.) Mourning/ termination
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· Advantages of an open-ended group
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o Replace lost members rather quickly and maintain optimal size.
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· Qualities of successful, experienced co-leaders
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o 1.) Caring o 2.) Meaning attribution o 3.) Emotional stimulation o 4.) Executive function
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· In what conditions, is feedback most effective?
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o When it immediately follows a stimulus behavior and is validated by others. o When the receiver is open and trusts the giver.
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· Common aspects of the consultation process
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o 1.) Problem solving focus o 2.) Three way (tripartite) in nature o 3.) Emphasizes improvement
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· Four conceptual models of consultation.
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o 1.) Expert or provision model o 2.) Doctor-patient or prescription model o 3.) Mediation model o 4.) Process consultation or collaboration model
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· In what form/level of consultation is teaching self-management skills usually done
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o Individual consultation
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· Five-stage process of consultation
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o 1.) Phasing in o 2.) Problem identification o 3.) Implementation o 4.) Follow-up and evaluation o 5.) Termination
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· Three-level definition of prevention.
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o 1.) Primary prevention § Reduction of disorders o 2.) Secondary prevention § A reduction in the duration of disorders o 3.) Tertiary prevention § A reduction in the impairment of disorders
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· Six levels of community mental health consultation
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o 1.) Client-centered case consultation o 2.) Consultee-centered case consultation o 3.) Program-centered administrative consultation o 4.) Consultee-centered administrative consultation o 5.) Community-centered ad hoc consultation o 6.) Consultee-centered ad hoc consultation
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· Self-management skills in consultation
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o Self-monitoring, self-measurement, self-mediation, self-maintenance.
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Trends that influence agency consultation |
o Downsizing organizations o Creation of semiautonomous work units o Rebirth of commitment leadership by managers o Process-based technologies o Egalitarian social and organizational values.
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· Comparison of research and evaluation
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o Research § Theory-oriented and discipline-bound. § Has greater control over the activity, produces results. Is more concerned with explaining and predicting phenomena. o Evaluation § Process of applying judgments to or making decisions based on results of measurement. § Can be used immediately § Allows clients to give input and feedback
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· The first step in doing an evaluation
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o Needs assessment o State goals and performance objectives § Terminal program outcomes § Ultimate program outcomes o Design a program o Revise and improve the program o Note and report program outcome |
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· Main reasons counselors do not engage in research studies
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o Lack of knowledge of research methods o Absence of clear program goals o Lack of awareness o Fear of finding negative results o Discouragement from peers or supervisors o Lack of financial support o Low aptitudes and limited abilities
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· What is experience-near research?
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Determining how closely the research approximates what is done in the counseling office |
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· Definitions of basic research and applied research
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o Basic research § Oriented to theory, and those who practice it are interested in investigating a problem that is suggested by theory o Applied research Focus on examining practical problems and applying their findings to existing problems |
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· Applicability of number 1 (N of 1) research
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o Single-subject research o The data from a single participant is the focus of the research design rather than a group.
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· Millers six major advantages to single subject research (N of 1)
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o 1.) It allows a more adequate description of what happens between a counselor and client. o 2.) Positive and negative outcomes can be understood in terms of process data o 3.) Outcome measures can be tailored to the client’s specific problems o 4.) It allows for the study of a rare or unusual phenomenon o 5) It is flexible enough to allow for novel procedure in diagnosis and treatment o 6.) It can be used in evaluating the effectiveness of an intervention strategy on a single client.
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· Steps in the research process
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o Statement of the problem o Identification of the information needed to solve the problem o Selection or development of measures for gathering data o Identification of the target population and sampling procedures o Design of the procedure for data collection o Collection of data o Analysis of data o Preparation of a report |
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· What is contaminating variable and how to control it
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o Variables that invalidate a study (if one group is healthier than the other group) o Control it by establishing equivalent experimental group and control group
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· Things that counselor must know in order to understand a test
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o The characteristics of its sample o Types and degree of its reliability and validity o Reliability and validity of comparable tests o Scoring procedures o Method of administration o Limitations and strengths |
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· Reliability
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Measure of the degree to which a test produces consistent test scores when people are retested with the same or an equivalent instrument |
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o · Validity
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o The degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure; is the most important test quality § Four types of validity: § Content/face validity - the degree to which a test appears to measure what it is supposed to § Construct validity – the degree to which a test measures an intended hypothetical construct § Criterion validity - the comparison of test scores with a person’s actual performance of a certain skill across time and situations § Consequential validity - the social implications or consequences of test use and interpretation |
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· Shertzer and Stone’s (1981) seven classification of tests
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o Standardized vs. nonstandardized o Individual vs. group o Speed vs. power o Performance vs. paper and pencil o Objective vs. subjective o Maximum vs. typical performance o Norm vs. criterion-based |
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· Four basic interpretations
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o Four basic interpretations can be helpful to test takers: o Descriptive interpretation – provides information on the current status of the test taker o Genetic interpretation – focuses on how the tested person got to be the way he/she is now o Predictive interpretation – concentrates on forecasting the future o Evaluative interpretation – includes recommendations by the test interpreter |
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· The goals of assessment
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o Obtain information on client’s presenting problem o Identify contributing variables to the problem o Determine the client’s goals/expectations o Gather baseline data o Educate and motivate the client o Plan treatment interventions and strategies |
