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174 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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According to ASTM definition, glass is an inorganic product of fusion which has cooled to a rigid condition without ______ |
Crystallization |
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Another term for vitreous silica |
Quartz |
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Iron III oxide impurities produce which specific tint color on soda-lime glasses? |
Green |
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Glasses which are suitable for imitation jewels |
Lead |
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These are added to increase glass durability |
Stabilizers |
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Also known as scalp glass |
Cullet |
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Aventurine glass refers to which type of glass |
Crystal glass |
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Chemical symbol for pearl ash |
K2CO3 |
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An alkali metal that retards devitrification |
Feldspar |
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The term for the raw materials properly weighed and mixed for delivery to the furnace |
Batch |
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The purpose when natural gas and air are used inside the furnace |
Melting |
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A portion of hot glass delivered by a feeder |
Gob |
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Process where molten glass approaches freedom from undissolved gases |
Fining |
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Another term for hot-end coating |
Tin coating |
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A load of glass blown to its final shape |
Parison |
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Another term for cold end spray |
Duracote |
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Process to relieve stresses from the glasses due to very high temperature |
Annealing |
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A vertical drawing machine where gas flows as it is vertically drawn |
Dibeteuse |
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A method of finishing glass objects by applying gold dust to the glassware |
Gilding |
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According to which criteria? Translucent glass |
Component |
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According to which criteria? Filter glass |
Color |
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According to which criteria? Vacuum tube |
Use |
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According to which criteria? Perlite glass |
Geographical manufacture |
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According to which criteria? Glass ceramics |
Component |
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According to which criteria? Hardness resistance glass |
Properties |
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According to which criteria? Plate glass |
Form |
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According to which criteria? Laminated safety glass |
Properties |
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According to which criteria? Tiffany vase |
Component |
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According to which criteria? Obsidian glass |
Geographical manufacture |
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Added for the brilliancy of the glass |
Lead oxide |
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Lowers the expansion coefficient |
Borax |
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Ferric compounds are added to form ___ glass |
Yellow |
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Common term for CaF2 |
Fluorspar |
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Added to remove bubbles in the glass |
Arsenic from the form As2O3 |
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Chemical symbol for salt cake |
Na2SO4 |
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What color does selenium produce when added to glass as a coloring material |
Red |
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Added to increase heat resistance |
ZnO/Zn |
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Makes iron less noticeable in glass |
NaNO3 |
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Used to increase index of refraction |
Lead/Lead oxide |
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Hydrated aluminum silicates |
Clay |
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Contains CaCO3 |
Calcareous materials |
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Has limestone and silica |
Cement rock |
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Contains silica |
Argillaceous materials |
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Lime-rich mud |
Marl |
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Has CaCO3 but by-product in the manufacture of caustic soda |
Alkali waste |
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How many gypsum is added to regulate setting tyoe of cement? |
4-5% |
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Added to adjust the composition of the mixture |
Silica or sand |
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Obtaining raw materials |
Quarrying |
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Jaw crushers and gyratory crushers of various sizes are employed for the crushing purpose |
Crushing |
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The fines are passed on and the course materials returned |
Closed-circuit |
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Materials are ground continuosly until the desired size |
Open-circuit |
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Who made cement first? |
Joseph aspdin |
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Masonry from crushed rock with burnt lime |
Cement |
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Another term for cement |
Opus caementicium |
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Mixture of aluminates and calcium silicates |
Cement |
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Calcinating and pulverizing natural cement rock of argillaceous nature or combination of clay with limestone |
Natural Cement |
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Siliceous or siliceous and aluminum material which reacts which reacts with calcium hydroxide |
Pozzolana |
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Volcanic ash containing silicates of aluminum, calcium and iron when mixed with lime and heated |
Pozzolana Cement |
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Mixture of blast furnace slag and hydrated lime |
Slag cement |
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Mixture of blast furnace slag and hydrated lime |
Slag cement |
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Slag cement is also called ___ |
Ground granulated blast furnace slag |
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Produced during reduction of iron ore to iron in a blast furnace |
Slag |
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For general construction purpose with less ferric oxide |
Type I regular portland cement |
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General concrete cement with moderate sulfate action |
Type II moderate heat of hardening and sulfate resisting portland cement |
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Lime to silica ratio is higher than type I |
Type III high early strength |
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Higher portion of C3S |
Type III |
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Lower percentage of C3S and C3A |
Type 4 low heat portland cement |
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C4AF is increased because of the addition of Fe2O3 to reduce the amount of C3A |
Type 4 |
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Resistant to sulfate |
Type 5 sulfate resisting portland cement |
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Lower C3A content while higher C4AF content |
Type 5 |
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General construction for plastering, finishing works |
33 grade |
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Useful for structural works, precast items |
43 grade |
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Used for multi-storey buildings,precast pre-stressed items |
53 grade |
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Length of rotary in dry process |
60 to 150 ft (45m) |
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Length of rotary kiln in wet process |
300-500 ft (90-180 m) |
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Where cooling of clinker takes place |
Air-quenching coolers |
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Act as a retarder to prevent quick setting |
Gypsum or plaster of paris |
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Prevent formation of lumps |
Sodium salts |
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Increase the resistance of the hardened concrete to scaling from alternate freezing and thawing |
Air entraining agents |
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Where ground cement is stored |
Concrete silos |
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Calcium aluminate cement manufactured by fusing a mixture of limestone and bauxite |
High Alumina Cement |
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Joining bricks in chromic acid reaction tanks and alum tanks |
Silicate cement |
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Resistant to non-oxidizing acid and salts |
Sulfur cement |
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Low coefficient of expansion |
Sulfur cement |
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Aggregate plus resins |
Polymer cement |
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Flooring cement |
Sorel's cement |
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Other name for magnesium oxychloride cement |
Sorel's cement |
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Corrosive to iron pipes |
Magnesium oxychloride cement |
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Caused by the formation of a microstructure of hydration |
Stiffening, setting and hardening |
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Hydration productsbprimarily affecting the strength |
Calcium silicate hydrates |
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Clay products |
Ceramic |
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Cradle of pottery development |
Egypt and Mesopotamia |
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Started developing the ceramic industry |
Chou and Han Dynasty |
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Ceramic products usually white and of fine texture |
Whitewares |
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Selected grades of clay bonded together with varying amounts of fluxes and heated to a moderately high temperature in a kiln |
Whitewares |
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Semivitreous dinnerware |
Earthenware |
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Porous and non translucent with a soft glaze |
Earthenware |
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Vitrified translucent ware with a medium glaze which resists abrasion to a degree |
Chinaware |
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It is vitrified translucent ware with a hard glaze which resist abrasion to the maximum degree |
Porcelain |
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Highest quality if clayware |
Porcelain |
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Formerly made from clay, usually porous |
Sanitary ware |
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Oldest ceramic ware |
Stoneware |
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Reagarded as crude porcelain not so carefully fabricated from raw material to poorer grade |
Stoneware |
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Floor tiles |
Whiteware tiles |
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Resistant to abrasion abd impervious to stain penetration |
Whiteware tiles |
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Cheapest of common clays with or without glazing |
Structural clay products |
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Building bricks, face brick |
Structural clay products |
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Acid, basic or neutral |
Refractories |
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High resistance to thermal, physical, chemical effects |
Refractories |
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Solid form of firebricks, silica,chromite, magnesite |
Refractories |
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A thin layer of special glass used as xoating of ceramic bodies |
Glaze |
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Earthly or stony aggregate consisting essentially of hydrous silicates of alumina and it is plastic |
Clay |
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Fluxing constituent in ceramic formulas |
Feldspar |
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Refractory constituent which must contain low iron |
Sand |
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A quartz-free igneous rock used in whitewares |
Nepheline syenite |
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Variety of other minerals, salts and oxides |
Fluxing agents and special refractory ingredients |
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Principal refractory oxides |
SiO2 AlO2 CaO and MgO |
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Principal fluxing oxides |
Na2I K2O B2O3 and SnO2 with fluorides |
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20-150 •C |
Drying |
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150-650 C |
Dehydration or chemical smoking |
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600-900 C |
Calcination |
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350-900 C |
Oxidation of ferrous iron and organic matter |
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Any ceramjc body is composed of a vitreous matrix plus crystal if which ___ |
Mullite and cristobalite |
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The degree of vitrification of ceramic products depends upon the ___ |
Relative amount of refractory and fluxing oxides in the composition, the temperature and the time of setting |
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No foreign materials/impurities especially iron should enter the raw materials |
Storing |
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Only coarse raw materials like quartz and feldspar are crushed and ground |
Crushing and grinding |
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Added to allow uniform settling irrespective of particle size |
Deflocculants |
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Creamy mixture of raw materials |
Slip |
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Proper amount of each raw material are weighed and fed in ball mills |
Batching |
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The raw materials are milled in ball mills |
Fine grinding |
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The slip is run through a vibrating screen which removes bits of wood |
Screening |
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Slip is passed over a magnetic separator |
Magnetic separator |
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The slip is kept provided with paddles which continuously stir the slip |
Slip Storage |
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The slip is pumped to the various forming departments |
Forming the wares |
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The slip Usually containing 35% water is pumped from storage to the slip tank |
Slip casting method |
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The kneaded cake are aged to ensure uniform water contribution |
Aging |
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Endure complete removal of entrapped and absorbed air |
De-airing |
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Used to form the wares |
Jigger machine |
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After filtration, kneading and de-airing, the cake is extruded to form the wares |
Extrusion process |
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The cake maybe formed into wares by hand |
Hand-molding |
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The methid if shaping the mass by hand molding |
Throwing |
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Used to mold the cake |
Potter's wheel |
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Removal of water |
Drying |
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The fins at the joints or edges are trimmed |
Trimming |
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Surface is rubbed with a hard or smooth object to polish the surface |
Burnishing |
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Wiping off hollows, pimples due ti pin holes |
Wet finishing |
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Humps are removed by sand paper |
Dry finishing |
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Justifiable repair may be performed |
Repairing a piece |
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To increase efficiency of kiln |
Final drying |
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The wares are fired in kiln |
Firing |
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Colors and decorations are applied to the wares before glazing them |
Underglazed decorations |
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Glazes are prepared like clay slips |
Glazing |
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Must bond with the ware and must have a coefficient of expansion sufficiently close to that of the ware |
Glazing |
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Difficult to attain an even layer |
Brushing |
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Even coating is attainable |
Dipping |
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Slower than dipping but requires smaller amount of slip than dipping |
Pouring the glaze slip |
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Just enough amount of glaze to cover the piece is required |
Spraying |
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The vapors from glaze deposit a very thin coat into the piece |
Vapor glazing |
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Adding to the fire common salt which at once volatizes and combines with the clay surface |
Salt glazing |
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Glaze form into beads |
Crawling |
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Fine cracks due to high coefficient of expansion of the glaze |
Crazing |
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Reverse of glazing, glazes flakes off particularly on curved surfaces |
Shivering |
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Small holes on glazed surface due to rapid expansion |
Pinholing |
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Defects which causes pinholing and small bubbles |
Blistering |
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Due to soluble salts |
Peeling |
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Glazes becomes rough due to ware being fired damped |
Spitting out |
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Various shades of blue |
Cobalt oxide |
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Shade of green |
Copper oxide |
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Green,red,pink |
Chromium oxide |
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Yellow to brownish red |
Iron oxide |
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Pink rose, purple gold luster |
Manganede oxide |
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Shades of violet, red, black brown |
Manganese oxide |
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Yellow and orange |
Antimony oxide |
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Lemon yellow to pale green |
Barium chromate |
