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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Two ways of examining the effects of environment to human health? |
1. Focuses on contaminants (asbestos, lead, radon influence human health) 2. Focuses on entire surrounding environment (climate, neighborhood safety, access to health centers, physical layout of community) |
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Leading causes of mortality and global burden of diseases will shift during the next ___ years? |
20 years. |
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The challenge to Medtechs (Us) |
1. Use best science available to assess local environment affects the health. 2. Formulate evidence based or best-practice interventions 3. Evaluate the effectiveness of these interventions. |
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What diseases are leading causes of mortality worldwide? |
Cardiovascular diseases |
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Public health focuses on: |
1. Community 2. Health promotion & Public health strategies 3. Solutions targeting groups of individuals at risk of chronic disease and poor health outcomes. |
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Primary Health Care? |
1. Interventions that are needed for diagnosis and treatment of illnesses. 2. Local Barangays must implement health programs for the community. 3. Sustainability of Health Centers 4. Availability of health equipments for entire population covered by barangay. |
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Health Promotion |
1. Awareness of how to prevent diseases 2. "Prevention is better than cure" 3. Life-style CHECK & Work env. CHECK 4. Hereditary RISK & Exposure RISK |
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Epidemiological Data |
1. Knowledge of the risk of diseases 2. Evidence of control of the spread of illnesses 3. Prevention of spread of diseases 4. DOH data about existing diseases in certain area 5. Monitor & Evaluate health status of individuals and fam. |
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Demographic Data |
1. Active migration = increase risk of new diseases
2. Economic status of community is affected. 3. Monitor and evaluate number of individuals and families in barangay. 4. Increased population due to influx of migrants from province. |
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Behavioral Data |
1. Change in healthcare (@ all levels) can occur through behavioral change 2. Modification through environment 3. Changes in public policies 4. Changes in social and cultural norms 5. Modifications in healthcare delivery system |
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Examples (of data ?) |
1. Installation of monitoring devices require additional responsibilities. 2. Influx of immigrants from provinces 3. Data may Indicate ↑ drug abuse in areas of barangay 4. ↑ certain illness in data population (e.g. ↑ BP, diabetes) |
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Epidemiology - science of prevention |
1. Research provided natural history of diseases & identified factors that ↑ susceptibility of people to certain diseases. 2. Identification of certain stage of disease is easily identified. 3. Identification of type of intervention can be applied. |
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Strategies? |
1. Primary Prevention 2. Secondary 3. Tertiary |
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Bilateral agency? |
Agencies that conduct businesses within one country |
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Multilateral agency? |
Agencies that use both GOVT and non-GOVT resource. |
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Non-government organization |
Agency that requires resources to help others from private resources |
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Philantrophic organization? |
Uses endowments or private funding to address the needs of individuals, families and populations |
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Dept. of Health? |
Branch of govt responsible for health and welfare for citizens. |
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Mortality? |
Death rates |
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Morbidity |
Illness Rates |
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Health disparities? |
Racial or ethnic difference in quality of healthcare. |
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Major changes in healthcare in 21st century? |
1. Development of Patient/Client - centered care 2. Increased use of technology 3. Increased personal responsibility for health |
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Health and Needs Assessment Process? |
1. Surveillance (WTF is the problem?) 2. Risk Factor Identification (WTF is the cause?) 3. Intervention/Evaluation (WTF works?) 4. Implentation (How do we do it?) |
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Epidemiology? |
Study of the distribution and determinants of health -related states or events in specified populations. Application of this study to control health problems. epi = on/upon logos = study of |
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Core Epidemiologic Functions |
1. Public Health Surveillance 2. Field Investigation 3. Analytic Studies 4. Evaluation 5. Linkages 6. Policy Development |
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Public Health surveillance |
1. Info for action 2. Systematic collection, analysis, interpretation and dissemination of health data to help guide public health decision making and action. 3. Patterns of disease occurrence and disease potential. |
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Persons conducting surveillances should: |
1. Identify, Define and Measure health problem of interest. 2. Collect and compile data about problem (factors that influence as well) 3. Analyze and Interpret these data. 4. Provide data and their interpretation to those responsible for controlling health problem 5. Monitor and periodically evaluate the usefulness and quality of surveillance to improve for future use |
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Field Investigation |
1. Coordinated effort involving several people in gathering evidences and significant data. 2. Investigation can lead to identification of unreported or unrecognized ill persons. |
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Analytic Studies |
1. Used in combination with surveillance & Field Studies providing clues or hypotheses about causes and modes of transmission 2. Evaluation of credibility of the hypotheses 3. Cluster/Outbreaks - Uses descriptive epidemiology |
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Evaluation is? |
Process of determining, as systematically, and objectively as possible, the relevance, the effectiveness, efficiency and impact of activities w/ respect to established goals. |
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Effectiveness? |
Refers to ability of program to produce the intended and expected results in the field. |
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Efficacy? |
Ability of program to produce results under ideal conditions w/ minimum expenditure of time and resources |
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May Focus On: (?) |
1. Plans - Formative Evaluation 2. Operations - Process Evaluation 3. Impact - Summative Evaluation |
P - F |
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Linkages |
Multidisciplinary coordination w/ different organizations, govt agency or non-govt organizations. |
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MOU? |
Memorandum of Understanding |
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MOA? |
Memorandum of Agreement |
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Policy Development? |
1. Application of study to control health problems must be accompanied w/ policy development. 2. Recommendations are evaluated for further investigation and assessment. 3. Creation of new policies for resolution of problems 4. For initial implementation or continuous/sustainability of effective programs |
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Epidemiologic Approach |
1. Counts cases or health events and describes them in terms of time, place, and person 2. Divides the number of cases by an appropriate denominator to calculate rates. 3. Compares rates over time or for different groups of people |
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Definition of Case? |
Set of standard criteria for classifying whether a person has a particular disease, syndrome or other health condition. |
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Kawasaki Syndrome? |
Childhood illness w/ fever and rash that has NO known cause and NO specifically distinctive lab findings. |
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If a large outbreak of a disease is caused by known agent it may be permanent classified as: |
Suspected or Probable |
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Date when first case definition of SARS? |
March 21, 2003 |
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Variation in Case definition? |
May vary according to the purpose for classifying the occurrences of a disease. |
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What is a sensitive case definition? |
Broad or "loose" definition in hope of capturing most or all of the true cases. |
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Advantage of Sensitive case? |
Includes most or all true cases |
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Disadvantage of sensitive case? |
May include other illnesses as well |
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