Cph Lec Midterms

Front 1

Two ways of examining the effects of environment to human health?

Back 1

1. Focuses on contaminants (asbestos, lead, radon influence human health)

2. Focuses on entire surrounding environment (climate, neighborhood safety, access to health centers, physical layout of community)

Front 2

Leading causes of mortality and global burden of diseases will shift during the next ___ years?

Back 2

20 years.

Front 3

The challenge to Medtechs (Us)

Back 3

1. Use best science available to assess local environment affects the health.

2. Formulate evidence based or best-practice interventions

3. Evaluate the effectiveness of these interventions.

Front 4

What diseases are leading causes of mortality worldwide?

Back 4

Cardiovascular diseases

Front 5

Public health focuses on:

Back 5

1. Community

2. Health promotion & Public health strategies

3. Solutions targeting groups of individuals at risk of chronic disease and poor health outcomes.

Front 6

Primary Health Care?

Back 6

1. Interventions that are needed for diagnosis and treatment of illnesses.

2. Local Barangays must implement health programs for the community.

3. Sustainability of Health Centers

4. Availability of health equipments for entire population covered by barangay.

Front 7

Health Promotion

Back 7

1. Awareness of how to prevent diseases

2. "Prevention is better than cure"

3. Life-style CHECK & Work env. CHECK

4. Hereditary RISK & Exposure RISK

Front 8

Epidemiological Data

Back 8

1. Knowledge of the risk of diseases

2. Evidence of control of the spread of illnesses

3. Prevention of spread of diseases

4. DOH data about existing diseases in certain area

5. Monitor & Evaluate health status of individuals and fam.

Front 9

Demographic Data

Back 9

1. Active migration = increase risk of new diseases

2. Economic status of community is affected.

3. Monitor and evaluate number of individuals and families in barangay.

4. Increased population due to influx of migrants from province.

Front 10

Behavioral Data

Back 10

1. Change in healthcare (@ all levels) can occur through behavioral change

2. Modification through environment

3. Changes in public policies

4. Changes in social and cultural norms

5. Modifications in healthcare delivery system

Front 11

Examples (of data ?)

Back 11

1. Installation of monitoring devices require additional responsibilities.

2. Influx of immigrants from provinces

3. Data may Indicate ↑ drug abuse in areas of barangay

4. ↑ certain illness in data population (e.g. ↑ BP, diabetes)

Front 12

Epidemiology - science of prevention

Back 12

1. Research provided natural history of diseases & identified factors that ↑ susceptibility of people to certain diseases.

2. Identification of certain stage of disease is easily identified.

3. Identification of type of intervention can be applied.

Front 13

Strategies?

Back 13

1. Primary Prevention

2. Secondary

3. Tertiary

Front 14

Bilateral agency?

Back 14

Agencies that conduct businesses within one country

Front 15

Multilateral agency?

Back 15

Agencies that use both GOVT and non-GOVT resource.

Front 16

Non-government organization

Back 16

Agency that requires resources to help others from private resources

Front 17

Philantrophic organization?

Back 17

Uses endowments or private funding to address the needs of individuals, families and populations

Front 18

Dept. of Health?

Back 18

Branch of govt responsible for health and welfare for citizens.

Front 19

Mortality?

Back 19

Death rates

Front 20

Morbidity

Back 20

Illness Rates

Front 21

Health disparities?

Back 21

Racial or ethnic difference in quality of healthcare.

Front 22

Major changes in healthcare in 21st century?

Back 22

1. Development of Patient/Client - centered care

2. Increased use of technology

3. Increased personal responsibility for health

Front 23

Health and Needs Assessment Process?

Back 23

1. Surveillance (WTF is the problem?)

2. Risk Factor Identification (WTF is the cause?)

3. Intervention/Evaluation (WTF works?)

4. Implentation (How do we do it?)

... TOOLS?

Front 24

Epidemiology?

Back 24

Study of the distribution and determinants of health -related states or events in specified populations. Application of this study to control health problems.

epi = on/upon
demos = people

logos = study of

Front 25

Core Epidemiologic Functions

Back 25

1. Public Health Surveillance

2. Field Investigation

3. Analytic Studies

4. Evaluation

5. Linkages

6. Policy Development

Front 26

Public Health surveillance

Back 26

1. Info for action

2. Systematic collection, analysis, interpretation and dissemination of health data to help guide public health decision making and action.

3. Patterns of disease occurrence and disease potential.

Front 27

Persons conducting surveillances should:

Back 27

1. Identify, Define and Measure health problem of interest.

2. Collect and compile data about problem (factors that influence as well)

3. Analyze and Interpret these data.

4. Provide data and their interpretation to those responsible for controlling health problem

5. Monitor and periodically evaluate the usefulness and quality of surveillance to improve for future use

Front 28

Field Investigation

Back 28

1. Coordinated effort involving several people in gathering evidences and significant data.

2. Investigation can lead to identification of unreported or unrecognized ill persons.

Front 29

Analytic Studies

Back 29

1. Used in combination with surveillance & Field Studies providing clues or hypotheses about causes and modes of transmission

2. Evaluation of credibility of the hypotheses

3. Cluster/Outbreaks - Uses descriptive epidemiology

Front 30

Evaluation is?

Back 30

Process of determining, as systematically, and objectively as possible, the relevance, the effectiveness, efficiency and impact of activities w/ respect to established goals.

Front 31

Effectiveness?

Back 31

Refers to ability of program to produce the intended and expected results in the field.

Front 32

Efficacy?

Back 32

Ability of program to produce results under ideal conditions w/ minimum expenditure of time and resources

Front 33

May Focus On: (?)

Back 33

1. Plans - Formative Evaluation

2. Operations - Process Evaluation

3. Impact - Summative Evaluation

(E.g. immunization prog. ,disease prevention, health edu)

Hint 33

P - F
O - P
I - S

Front 34

Linkages

Back 34

Multidisciplinary coordination w/ different organizations, govt agency or non-govt organizations.

Front 35

MOU?

Back 35

Memorandum of Understanding

Front 36

MOA?

Back 36

Memorandum of Agreement

Front 37

Policy Development?

Back 37

1. Application of study to control health problems must be accompanied w/ policy development.

2. Recommendations are evaluated for further investigation and assessment.

3. Creation of new policies for resolution of problems

4. For initial implementation or continuous/sustainability of effective programs

Front 38

Epidemiologic Approach

Back 38

1. Counts cases or health events and describes them in terms of time, place, and person

2. Divides the number of cases by an appropriate denominator to calculate rates.

3. Compares rates over time or for different groups of people

Front 39

Definition of Case?

Back 39

Set of standard criteria for classifying whether a person has a particular disease, syndrome or other health condition.

Front 40

Kawasaki Syndrome?

Back 40

Childhood illness w/ fever and rash that has NO known cause and NO specifically distinctive lab findings.

Front 41

If a large outbreak of a disease is caused by known agent it may be permanent classified as:

Back 41

Suspected or Probable

Front 42

Date when first case definition of SARS?

Back 42

March 21, 2003

Front 43

Variation in Case definition?

Back 43

May vary according to the purpose for classifying the occurrences of a disease.

Front 44

What is a sensitive case definition?

Back 44

Broad or "loose" definition in hope of capturing most or all of the true cases.

Front 45

Advantage of Sensitive case?

Back 45

Includes most or all true cases

Front 46

Disadvantage of sensitive case?

Back 46

May include other illnesses as well