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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
speed
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the rate at which an object moves
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velocity
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the combination of speed and direction of motion
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acceleration
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the rate at which an object's velocity changes
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acceleration of gravity
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the acceleration of a falling object
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momentum
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the product of an object's mass and velocity
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force
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anything that can cause a change in momentum
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net force
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the overall force to which an object responds; rate of change in the object's momentum; object's mass times acceleration
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angular momentum
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momentum attributable to rotation or revolution; m x v x r (mass, velocity, radius)
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torque
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a twisting force that can cause a change in an object's angular momentum
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mass
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a measure of the amount of matter in an object
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weight
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the net force that an object applies to its surroundings; weight = mass x acceleration of gravity
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free-fall
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conditions in which an object is falling without resistance; objects are weightless in free-fall
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weightless
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a weight of zero (occurs during free-fall)
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Newton's first law of motion
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in the absence of a net force, an object moves with constant velocity
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Newton's second law of motion
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how a net force affects an object's motion; force = mass x acceleration
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Newton's third law of motion
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for any force, there is always an equal and opposite reaction force
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conservation of momentum
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the principle that, in the absence of net force, the total momentum of a system remains constant
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conservation of angular momentum
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the principle that, in the absence of net torque, the total angular momentum of a system remains constant
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conservation of energy
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the principle that energy can be neither created nor destroyed, but can only change from one form to another
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kinetic energy
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energy of motion; .5mv^2
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radiative energy
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energy carried by light; Planck's constant x frequency
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potential energy
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energy stored for later conversion into kinetic energy
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thermal energy
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the collective kinetic energy, as measured by temperature, of the many individual particles moving within a substance
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temperature
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a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance
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Kelvin
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the most commonly used temperature scale in science, absolute zero = 0 and water freezes at 273.15
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gravitational potential energy
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energy that an object has by virtue of its position in a gravitational field (an object has more when it has a greater distance to fall)
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mass-energy
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the potential energy of mass
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universal law of gravitation
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the law expressing the force of gravity between two objects
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inverse square law
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any quantity that decreases with the square of the distance between two objects
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gravitational constant
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the experimentally measured constant G that appears in the law of universal gravitation
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bound orbits
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orbits on which an object travels repeatedly around another objects; elliptical in shape
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unbound orbits
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orbits on which an object comes in toward a large body only once, never to return; parabolic or hyperbolic in shape
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center of mass
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the point at which two or more orbiting objects would balance if they were somehow connected; the point around which orbiting objects actually orbit
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Newton's version of Kepler's third law
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a generalization of Kepler's third law that can be used to calculate the masses of orbiting objects from measurements of orbital period and distance
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orbital energy
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the sum of an orbiting object's kinetic and gravitational potential energies
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gravitational encounter
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occurs when two or more objects pass near enough so that each can feel the effects of the other's gravity and can therefore exchange energy
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tidal force
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a force that is caused when the gravity pulling on one side of an object is larger than that on the other side, causing the object to stretch
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tidal friction
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friction within an object that is caused by a tidal force
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synchronous rotation
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the rotation of an object that always shows the same face to an object that it is orbiting because its rotation period and orbital period are equal
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escape velocity
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the speed necessary for an object to completely escape the gravity of a large body
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joule
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the international unit of energy which is about 1/4000 of a calorie
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