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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What generally refers to the the execution, in the name of the state, of a person convicted of certain crimes?
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Capital punishment
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What are the most common capital punishment crimes?
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Treason, murder, and rape
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What is the most frequent method of execution of death penalty cases in the U.S.?
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Lethal injection
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What are some arguments on the death penalty?
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-Issues of deterrence
-Excessive cruelty (8th amendments) -Equability (4th and 6th amendments) -Public attitudes |
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Nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be put twice into jeopardy of life or limb; Nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, Nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, Nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just, is an example of?
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5th amendment
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The accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, By an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, Which district shall have been previously ascertained by law,
And to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation, is an example of? |
6th amendment
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Excessive bail shall not be required, Nor excessive fines imposed, Nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted, is an example of?
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8th amendment
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No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; Nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without the due process of law;
Nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws, is an example of? |
14th amendment
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Who are very few executed (3% of total ever executed), are screened out of death-eligible charges, account for about 1 in 10 murder arrests, account for 1 in 50 death sentences imposed at the trial level, are 1 in 67 persons on death row?
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Women
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What does the public say about the execution of juveniles?
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-Juveniles are different from adults
-Juveniles have less mature rationality -They are less culpable for their acts -They should be rehabilitated |
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What are some alternative for the execution of juveniles?
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-Life without parole (LWOP)
-Life without parole plus making the juvenile work to make restitution (LWOP+WR) |
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In early 2005, the U.S Supreme Court struck down the age of capital punishment for anyone under what age?
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18
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In 2005, which Supreme Court case declared it unconstitutional to impose capital punishment for crimes committed while under the age of 18?
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Roper v. Simmons
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T or F: The cost of the death penalty is greater than the total costs of life-without-parole cases?
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True
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In 2002 the United States Supreme Court struck down the use of the death penalty for those who were?
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Mentally ill at the time of their offense
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What are some of the reasons for prisoner's population growth?
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-Decline in the prison release rate
-States are forcing inmates to serve 85% of their sentences -High failure rate for parolees -Inadequate re-entry care and programs |
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What do the self-report studies say about race and crime in America?
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More are in prisons than colleges/universities due to:
-Lack of social services and employment opportunities -Law enforcement focusing on crack (rather than cocaine) sales -Collateral consequences of former convictions |
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What is a drug of choice for lower income persons, sales attend to occur on the streets and in public places, and sales are easily videotaped?
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Crack
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What are "supermax" prisons?
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Maximum-security prisons that contain the most dangerous inmates
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What are institutional threat groups ?
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Prison gangs
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What are some issues related to male offenders?
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-Men in prison tend to be heavy users of drugs and alcohol
-1 in 3 was drinking at the time of his instant offense -1 in 6 was defined as mentally ill -1 in 3 of the mentally ill was alcohol dependent -1 in 4 received mental health services while in jail |
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What is the process by which the newly committed inmates (and some prison staff) are introduced into the culture of the society of captives, and learn to live within that inmate culture?
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Prisonization
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What does it mean when an offender is categorized as a high risk offender?
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Population at risk
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What does the classification system of prison indicate?
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High, medium, and minimum risk offenders
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Why are there elderly inmates?
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Elderly inmates are more likely than other prisoners to have committed crimes such as homicide and manslaughter, as well as sexual offenses
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Elderly offenders in prison usually have?
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Good healthcare
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What are some characteristics of females and crime?
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-Females are arrested for about 1 in 5 crimes
-They account for more than 3 in 5 larceny-theft arrests -75% of all arrests of females for serious crime is for larceny-theft -Females are 275% more likely to be arrested for drug than for violent offenses |
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What are offenses in which the victim does not seem to appear, or is equaled to the offender (ex. prostitution and drug abuse)?
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Victimless crimes
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What percent of women in prison are responsible for supporting their children?
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80%
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What are some reasons why the female prison population has increased?
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-No one knows exactly
1. females have more opportunities to commit crime than ever before -Other theories is that the women’s liberation movement have influence to be harder sentencing for females 2. the war of drugs have sent many more females drug addicts into prisons than in the past |
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What are some characteristics of female jail inmates?
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-Are not drawn from mainstream America
-Mainly from deprived and unstable backgrounds -Have been exclusively abused over time -Preferential treatment seems to be disappearing for those arrested for nontraditional crime -Emotional, social, and economic barriers -Most are not dangerous -Many are physically or mentally ill |
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What was the first state-level prison exclusively for women?
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The Indiana Reformatory Institute for Women (1873)
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Where was the first federal institution for women?
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Federal Correctional Institution at Alderson, West Virginia (1925)
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What does a co-gendered program consist of?
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Male and female inmates (118 co-gender programs for female juvenile delinquents and 103 co-gender facilities
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What is a management program for adult corrections that has a single administrator for both sexes and a regular program of activities in which both males and females have daily interactions?
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Co-gendered program
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What are the special problems of incarcerated females?
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-Children left behind at home
-Pregnancy at time of intake, studies suggest that some one in four adult females entering prison either were pregnant or had given birth to an infant within the last 12 months. -Absentee mothering -Family visiting |
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What are some characteristics of drug abusing female inmates?
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-More than 60% have used drugs sometime in their lives
-Half of the convicted inmates had used drugs in the month prior to their offense -40% had used drugs daily -1 in 6 reported committing her crime to buy drugs -1 in 3 was under the influence of alcohol at the time of her offense |
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What refers to the duty of the state to protect those unable to protect themselves, particularly juveniles and the mentally disordered (the state is the parent)?
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Parens patriae
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What are the issues related to criminal behavior with aging?
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-Crime and age peak at about age seventeen
-Less experienced at crime…more likely to be arrested -Group crime (car theft etc.) Juveniles tend to commit crime in groups -Incapacitation of repeat offenders; imposing longer sentences |
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What does a status offender refer to when dealing with juveniles?
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Juveniles who have committed acts that are law violations by virtue of the child's age but would not be criminal if committed by an adult (such as runaway, incorrigibility, defiance)
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What are the rights guaranteed to juveniles in court proceedings?
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-Right to adequate notice of charges against the juvenile
-Right to counsel and to have one provided if indigent -Right to confrontation and cross-examination of witness -Right to not self-incriminate -Due process before transfer to adult court -Innocent until proven guilty |
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What are SOME rights guaranteed to juveniles in court proceedings?
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-Right to notice of the charges in time to prepare for trial
-Right to counsel -Right to confrontation and cross-examination of accuser -Privilege against self-incrimination |
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What are some risk factors that have been identified by research that contribute to serious, violent, and chronic juvenile crime?
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-Weak family attachments
-Lack of consistent discipline -Physical abuse and neglect -Poor school performance -Delinquent peer groups -High-crime neighborhoods |
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What is the first voluntary juvenile court case in which a juvenile had to waive constitutional rights was established in?
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Kent v. United States
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What are some promising approaches to decreasing youth gangs and gang problems?
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-Target, arrest, and incarcerate gang leaders
-Provide preventive services for youth who are at risk -Crisis intervention or mediation of gang fights -Patrol community “hot spots” -Close supervision of gang offenders by justice and community-based agencies -Remedial education for targeted youth gang members -Safe zones around schools |
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Who are victims of juvenile crimes?
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People they usually know
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Who are special category offenders?
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Offenders who have many more problems than the general population:
(Mentally disordered offenders, Developmentally challenged offenders, Sex offenders, H-I-V infected offenders, Geriatric offenders, and Long-term offenders) |
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What is when the defense alleges that the defendants lack the capacity to understand the charges against them and to cooperate with counsel in the preparation of their own defense (Persons are usually committed to a mental institution until restored to competency)?
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Incompetent to stand trial
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What is a plea entered by the defendant acknowledging guilt, but asserting a lack of capacity to understand the nature of the act or that it was wrong (The convicted offender is sentenced to confinement in either a correctional facility or a mental institution for treatment)?
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Guilty, but mentally ill (GBMI)
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Who injures or has questionable sexual relations or dealing with a person under the age of puberty or legal age: fondling, rape, indecency exposure, etc?
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Child molester
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What are some problems inside the prison in relation to developmentally challenged offenders?
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-Slower to adjust to routine
-Rarely take part in rehabilitation programs -Suffer from practical jokes and sexual harassment -More often denied parole, serving longer sentences -Administrators regard them as a misfit in their system -Higher rates of involvement in violent incidents in prison |
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How effective are sex offender registration laws?
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Supporters argue they are effective because they inform the public
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What are some issues related to registration?
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-Increased violence
-Many sex offenders fail to register -Ineffective monitoring -The value of real estate goes down -False sense of security |
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What are registration laws?
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Laws have become a sexual deviant catching all, and making it difficult to distinguish minor infractions from the more serious offenses. Along with the public registry sexual offenders are restricted in where they can live
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According to previous studies does sex offender registration have an effect on sex offender recidivism rates?
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Results indicate there is no difference in recidivism rates
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Criteria used by prosecutors?
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The crime, victim's race, and offenders race, social class, and economic class
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