Corrections

Front 1

Who are the offenders and what shall we do with them?

Back 1

The fundamental question(s) of corrections

Front 2

The church originally believed what?

Back 2

A sinner had to repay two debts (one to society and one to God)

Front 3

What was the main contribution of the medieval church to corrections?

Back 3

Concept of free will

Front 4

What was the church's substitution for a trial called?

Back 4

The "ordeal"

Front 5

What was the foundation of most western world legal codes, also known as the "codifying laws of nations"?

Back 5

The Hammurabic Code

Front 6

Who is the founder of the Classical School approach, and also responsible for proposing a reorientation of criminal law toward humanistic goals?

Back 6

Caesar Beccaria

Front 7

What were the main guidelines proposed in the essay by Caesar Beccaria?

Back 7

-Greatest good for the greatest number of people
-Crime is an injury to society
-Prevention is more important than punishment

Front 8

Which four of Caesar Beccaria's points were incorporated into the French Code of Criminal Procedure?

Back 8

-Innocent until proven guilty
-Right not to self incriminate
-Right to employ counsel
-Right to prompt and speedy trial, in most cases, trial by jury

Front 9

What are four major developments in the last century in relation to corrections?

Back 9

-Abandonment of the Medical Model
-Shift to determinate sentencing
-Intermediate punishment
-Restorative justice

Front 10

What are some criticisms of prisons?

Back 10

-Overcrowded
-Inefficient
-Ineffective
-Expensive

Front 11

What is the the incarceration and disabling of high risk offenders for longer periods of incarceration to suppress further criminal behavior as a form of specific deterrence?

Back 11

Selective Incapacitation

Front 12

The extensive use of capital and corporal punishment during the Middle Ages reflected a belief that public punishment would deter potential wrongdoers is called?

Back 12

Deterrence

Front 13

Who eliminated the flat sentence, and developed a "mark system" whereby a convict could earn freedom by hard work and good behavior?

Back 13

Alexander Maconochie

Front 14

What is a period of confinement with specified minimum and maximum length, allowing a parole board to release the inmate when rehabilitation has been achieved?

Back 14

Indeterminate sentencing

Front 15

What was Maconochie's five principles?

Back 15

1. Release shouldn't be based on completion of a sentence, but on the completion of labor
2. The quantity of labor should be expressed in a number of "marks"
3. While in prison he should earn everything he receives
4. Work in association with a group, and be answerable for the conduct/labor of each member
5. Should be subject to a less rigorous discipline, and prepare for release

Front 16

Who developed the Irish system?

Back 16

Sir Walter Crofton

Front 17

What was a prison management scheme with multiple stages of control, allowing the inmate to earn higher stages until released when penitence was achieved?

Back 17

Irish system

Front 18

What is a certificate issued by the warden certifying the offender has permission to leave the facility?

Back 18

Ticket-of-leave

Front 19

The term ticket-of-leave can best be translated to the modern term of?

Back 19

Parole

Front 20

What is considered getting even with the offender who has violated the rights of others and deserves to be punished; "just deserts"?

Back 20

Retribution

Front 21

What is referred to as preventing potential criminal behavior by making examples of offenders openly?

Back 21

General deterrence

Front 22

What is referred to as punishing individual offenders to prevent their further criminal behavior?

Back 22

Specific deterrence

Front 23

What deprives offenders of the ability to commit additional crime, usually through imprisonment?

Back 23

Incapacitation

Front 24

What is considered continued criminal activity following initial law-violating behavior?

Back 24

Recidivism

Front 25

What are emerging alternatives that promise relief from the pressures of prison overcrowding (more effective than court-ordered probation and less severe than long-term incarceration)?

Back 25

Intermediate punishments

Front 26

What is using treatment to restore an offender to levels of social functioning; seeking a change in behavior produced by providing treatment and services?

Back 26

Rehabilitation

Front 27

What is a judge-imposed fixed term of incarceration with the expectation the inmate will serve that amount of time?

Back 27

Determinate sentencing

Front 28

What is a relatively minor violation of the criminal law, usually punishable by no more than one year in confinement?

Back 28

Misdemeanor

Front 29

What is a serious criminal violation, sometimes punished by death or sentence of at least one year in prison?

Back 29

Felony

Front 30

What is a document prepared by the court probation officer, and investigates the offender's background for judicial determination of punishment?

Back 30

Pre-sentence report

Front 31

What (included in the Fourteenth Amendment) is a legal requirement that constitutional rights of the accused and correctional clients will conform to guaranteed constitutional protection minimums?

Back 31

Due process

Front 32

Which case under the Fourteenth Amendment held that defendants in noncapital cases are entitled to assistance of counsel at trial (right to counsel)?

Back 32

Gideon v. Wainwright

Front 33

What is referred to as a sentence that does not include confinement and the release of the offender to the community under supervision, based on good behavior?

Back 33

Probation

Front 34

Probation is a derivative of what? (That also mitigates punishment for an offender through judicial procedure)

Back 34

Suspended sentence

Front 35

How does a suspended sentence differ from probation?

Back 35

It does not require supervision, and it can be revoked

Front 36

Who is credited with being the parent of probation?

Back 36

John Augustus

Front 37

What is the purpose of probation?

Back 37

-Uses existing community resources to assist offenders in dealing with their problems
-Saves money
-Avoids prisonization
-Provides restitution
-Keeps offender's family off welfare
-Allows selective incapacitation

Front 38

What is an increase in conditions that match the severity of the breach of conditions?

Back 38

Tourniquet sentencing