Correctional System

Front 1

The purpose of punishment as a public spectacle was

Back 1

both crime control and exhibition of the sovereigns power

Front 2

An example of corporal punishment is

Back 2

Whipping

Front 3

After the revolutionary war, Americans believed crimes could be

Back 3

eliminated

Front 4

The penitentiary was developed during the

Back 4

1830

Front 5

The invention of the penitentiary occurred because of

Back 5

The influence of the age of reason. A response to social conditions and their influence on the rise of crime. The growth of the surplus labor due to the industrial revolution.

Front 6

Lex Talionis embodies which of the following principles

Back 6

Punishment should correspond in degree and kind of the offense. An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth is a legal punishment. Punishment needs to be proportionate

Front 7

The practice of removing offenders from the community to another landwas known as

Back 7

transportation

Front 8

For the purpose of deterrence, which principles did Beccaria believe were most important?

Back 8

Both swiftness and certainty

Front 9

Wergild was gradually replaced because

Back 9

Citizens wronged by offenders demanded that fairness required some form of retaliation: as a result wergild was soon replaced by the principle of lex talionis. The use of capital punishment increased so dramatically that wergild was no longer needed since most offenders would receive a death sentence. Of the view that the peace of society required the public to participate in determining guilt or innocence and in exacting a penalty.

Front 10

The dominant social institution during the Middle Ages in England and Europe was

Back 10

The Church

Front 11

The law of the civil society as distinguished from church law is known as

Back 11

Secular law

Front 12

Benefit of clergy was extended to

Back 12

All literate persons

Front 13

The _____________ was born out of concern for sinfulness of sloth

Back 13

workhouse

Front 14

The country that gave the world its first penitentiary is

Back 14

the United States

Front 15

In New England the Puritans maintained a society governed by what type of principles

Back 15

Religious

Front 16

Until the early 1800s most American lived

Back 16

Rural

Front 17

Ideas of Enlightenment fostered the thinking that crime is caused by

Back 17

forces in the enviornment

Front 18

The ____________ was a penitentiary system developed in Pennsylvania in which

Back 18

Separate confinement system

Front 19

The "Congregate" system of prison discipline was first instituted at the

Back 19

Auburn Penitentiary

Front 20

The first institution to embody the principles of Cincinnati Prison Congress was:

Back 20

Elmira Reformatory

Front 21

With the rise of the medical model, the emphasis in corrections shifted to

Back 21

the treatment of criminals

Front 22

Separate confinement was first implemented in

Back 22

Walnut Street Jail

Front 23

The penitentiary was to be a place where

Back 23

Offenders were isolated from bad influences in society. Offenders were isolated from one another. Where offenders could reflect on their misdeeds

Front 24

The opening of Easter State Penitentiary in 1829 marked the full development of

Back 24

the separate confinement system

Front 25

The ___________ was an institution for young offenders that emphasized training, a mark system of classification, indeterminate sentence, and parole.

Back 25

Reformatory

Front 26

The leasing of convicts to private entrepreneurs took hold in the

Back 26

south

Front 27

In a retributive justice model those who commit a particular crime should be punished

Back 27

alike

Front 28

Among the stated goals of the correctional process as mentioned by the authors, which of the following does not overlap with the objectives of the other purposes?

Back 28

Rehabilitation

Front 29

The goal of rehabilitation is oriented solely toward the _______ and does not imply an consistent relationship between the severity of the punishment and the gravity of the crim

Back 29

Offender

Front 30

Experts usually cite _________ as reasons wrongful conviction occur

Back 30

Plea-bargaining pressures. Community pressure. Eyewitness error.

Front 31

____________ asserts that a person who has infringed the rights of others deserves to be penalized or punished

Back 31

Retribution

Front 32

According to the concept of ____________, offenders are returned to society once they are cured.

Back 32

Rehabilitation

Front 33

Depriving an offender of the ability to commit crimes against society, usually by detention in prison is

Back 33

Incapacitation

Front 34

Sentencing guidelines are designed to

Back 34

give judges a grab bag of sentencing options

Front 35

Legislatures concerned with the correctional goal of treatment prescribe an:

Back 35

Indeterminate sentencing sheme

Front 36

Punishments less severe than prison but more restrictive than traditional probation are

Back 36

intermediate sanctions

Front 37

Judges tend to __________ with one another in their sentencing decisions

Back 37

Disagree

Front 38

Restorative justice sees crime as violation against which of the following

Back 38

Victim and community

Front 39

Divergence in the lengths and types of sentences imposed for the same crime or crimes of comparable seriousness when no reasonable justification can be discerned is:

Back 39

Sentencing disparity

Front 40

A writ of habeas corpus requests and examination of legality of

Back 40

Confinment

Front 41

Money or other compensation is awarded to a plaintiff in a civil action when the person sued has

Back 41

Civil liability

Front 42

In instances when parole supervision is being revoked, offenders possess various __________ rights

Back 42

Due process

Front 43

Prior to the 1960s courts maintained a _________ with respect to corrections.

Back 43

hands off policy

Front 44

For most of United States history, the Bill of rights was interpreted as protecting individuals from acts of the

Back 44

Federal government

Front 45

Until the 1970s when the courts got involved penal institutions, most states

Back 45

Did no provide prison law libraries

Front 46

The first successful prisoners' rights case involved:

Back 46

Brutality and physical conditions

Front 47

With the exception of those working for corporate and nonprofit organizations, correctional personnel are:

Back 47

Public employees

Front 48

on entering a correctional institution, prisoners surrender most, but not all of their rights under which Amendment?

Back 48

Fourth

Front 49

The totality of conditions may be legally interpreted as

Back 49

Cruel and unusual punishment

Front 50

THe equal protection clause is found in which Amendment?

Back 50

Fourteenth

Front 51

One of the ways a corrections staff memeber can insulate themselves against civil lawsuits is to

Back 51

Keep good records. Get a mentor. Follow institutional procedures.

Front 52

During the last 25 years the supreme court has been ______ prisoners rights.

Back 52

Less supportive of

Front 53

What is the average caseload for probation officers in New York City

Back 53

162 probationers per officer

Front 54

Most people would say probation

Back 54

Must change

Front 55

Probation was originally used mainly for

Back 55

first time offenders

Front 56

Which of the following is an argument for the centralized probation authority?

Back 56

Decentralized programs are often unprofessional and lag behind the times. IT is able to train staff for a variety of roles. It is able to implement broader program with greater equality in supervision and services

Front 57

The probation officer faces role conflict everyday. This conflict focuses around

Back 57

the responsibilities of enforcing the law and helping the offender simultaneously

Front 58

Which of the following was not an innovation initially developed by John Augustus

Back 58

Home detention

Front 59

The medical model of probation was popular in which of the following time periods?

Back 59

the 1940s through 1960s

Front 60

The history of probation can be traced to:

Back 60

Recognizance. Benefit of clergy in England. Judicial reprieve.

Front 61

Between 1200 and 1827, English law:

Back 61

Discriminated in favor of the upper social classes

Front 62

Recognizance was first used in the same court by the same judge who

Back 62

instituted probation

Front 63

Recent interest in the problem of substance abuse has increased the attention given to _________ affected by drugs and alcohol.

Back 63

Probationers

Front 64

The approved practice for handling revocation of probation

Back 64

proceeds in three stages

Front 65

Drug involved offenders present problems and __________ to probation

Back 65

Opportunities

Front 66

T or F The industrialism brought about a shift from penal to economic considerations as the basis for punishment

Back 66

Tru

Front 67

TF
Under the law of retaliation, LEx talionis, vengeance was a duty to be carried out by the person wronged or by a family member

Back 67

Tru

Front 68

TF
English trends and practices greatly influenced American corrections

Back 68

True

Front 69

TF
The world ignored the develpment of the penitentiary in America

Back 69

False

Front 70

TF
Socail and political values greatly influence correctional though and practices

Back 70

True

Front 71

TF
Rationales for punishment are influenced by broad philosophical, polictical and social themes of an era.

Back 71

True

Front 72

TF
The United States emplys a national standard approach to sentencing

Back 72

False

Front 73

TF
All punishments are visible

Back 73

False

Front 74

TF
States have their own constitutions

Back 74

True

Front 75

TF
Consitutions tend to be very clear

Back 75

True

Front 76

TF
Prisoners have always had constitutional rights

Back 76

True

Front 77

TF
Since 1985, the US probation population has actually grown at an even higher rate than the incarcerated population

Back 77

False

Front 78

TF
Those on probation tend to be low level offenders

Back 78

False

Front 79

TF
At least half of all probationers have been convicted of a felony

Back 79

True

Front 80

Secular law is the law of __________ society

Back 80

civil

Front 81

A school of criminology that views behavior as stemming from free will is known as the ______________ school

Back 81

Classical

Front 82

Until the 1800s, _____________ was authorized to house pretrial detainees, debtors and vagrants

Back 82

Jail

Front 83

The rationalist philosophy of Enlightenments emphasizes ________________

Back 83

individual rights

Front 84

The humanistic concerns of the ___________ helped launch penal reforms

Back 84

Quakers

Front 85

An institution intended to isolate offenders form society and one another so they could relect on their missdeeds repent and undergo reformation is called a __________

Back 85

Penetentery

Front 86

The medical model of corrections is based on the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by social, psychological, or biological deficiencies that require______________

Back 86

Treatment

Front 87

Progressives wanted to know the life history of an offender so that they could devise an _______________ treatment program.

Back 87

Individualiezed

Front 88

The social and political climate of the 1960s gave rise to a ______________ model of corrections.

Back 88

Crime control

Front 89

_______________ assumes that society can remove an offenders capacity to commit further crimes by detention in prison or by execution.

Back 89

Incapacitation

Front 90

Retribution espoiuses that an offender should be punished ____________ to the gravity of the offense.

Back 90

equally

Front 91

in Keeping with the goal of treatment______________ gives correctional officials and parole boards significant control over the amount of time an offender serves

Back 91

indetermenent

Front 92

A convicted offender who is imprisoned for a fixed period of time has been given a __________sentence.

Back 92

Determinent

Front 93

Laws passed by legislatures at all levels of government are known as ____________

Back 93

Statues

Front 94

Legal rules useually set by an agency of the executive branch, designed to implement in detail policies of that agency are _____________

Back 94

Regulations

Front 95

Legal rules created in judges decisions that serve to guide decisions in similar cases are called ______________

Back 95

Presedent

Front 96

Convicted offenders in the community do not enjoy the same _______________________ as ordinary citizens

Back 96

rights

Front 97

One technique used to determine whether someone is using drugs is _________________

Back 97

Urinalysis

Front 98

___________ is a drug that reduces the craving for heroin.

Back 98

Methedone

Front 99

PSI plays its most important role at ___________

Back 99

Sentencing

Front 100

Probationary status can be ________________ because of misbehavior.

Back 100

Revoked