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126 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is the rationalist credo?
-The universe is orderly
-The universe is knowable
-The universe is knowable BEST by human reason
What is zeitgeist?
-describes the political, social, cultural and intellectual ethos of a historical time and place
Define myth.
- a story that explians the unkown in terms of the known
-human experience is known and natural processes are unknown
3 Values of Myths
1. Help people overcome their fears and live in the world
2. Myths can help relieve a person of guilt Ex. Cupid made me fall in love.
3. Helps us feel like we have control.
3 problems with myths.
1. Used to oppress people
2. Conflicting with other myths
3. Clash of myth and reason.
Egyptian pyramids reflect what idea?
Myth
-make you feel small and insignificant in comparison to the pharohs
-The pillars show power/authority of kingdom and rulers
Epistemologies of mythical systems?
-intuition
-authority
Epistemologies of Rational systems?
-empiricism
-innatism
Characteristics of the Archaic period?
-marked by the rise of the city-states
Characteristics of the Hellenic period?
-known as classical period
-Greeks out think the Persians in the Persian War
-
What are the Hellenic Values?
-Rationalism (rationalist credo)
-Humanism (Man is the measure of all things) Humans have value
-Democracy (individuals have value)
-Classicism (adherence to recognize aesthetic ideals) (Principals: order, proportion, balance, and decorum)
Parthanon represents which period and why?
-hellenic
-columns communicate humanism
-used reason, order, balance, proportion
-the people matter
-Looks perfect to the eye
Fallen soldier with happy face and soldier with sad face belongs to which period?
-Hellenic
-happy and open posture
-struggling to get up; shows human experience
Statue of 'spear bear" (human form) belongs to which period?
-Hellenic
-designed by reason
-human body is the model of perfection
What did the Peloponnesian Wars do to the Athenians?
-they lost which caused the to question how they could lose if they used reason
What did the philosphers believe?
- Truth is the measure of all things.
What did Alexander the Great do?
-military conquests
-spread Greek thought
-mixing it with other cultures
What is characteristic Hellenistic Period?
-Passion is the measure of all things
-EMOTION
Characteristics of hellenistic art.
-focus is on emotion and not the rationalist perfect human form
How did a mythological civilization work?
-priest would have an intuition
-the ruler would enforce the intuition
-EX. Nut gives birth to the sun and eats it at night which explains sunrise and sunset.
What was Socrates mission?
-traveled around asking questions to figure out if someone knew more than he did
Define metaphysics.
-the study of the ultimate nature of reality
-the study of what is really real
Define hereclitus.
-fire/change is really real
-empiricism
Define Parmenides.
-the one is the most basic:Nothing changes
-innatism
How did plato view hereclitus and parmenides?
-they are both right
-2 worlds: physical changes and the forms never change
-DUALISM
Myth of Cave.
-Shadows in cave are like the shadows of the forms in this physical world
-puppets are the forms
-above the cave is where the froms reside
-everything in physical world is an illusion
Define forms.
-the eternal unchanging ideas which lie behind the changing temporal, physical world
-located in the heavens
-forms cause the essence of things
-things participate in the forms
Relationship of forms.
-each one partakes of the form above it in a hierarchy
-top is Good: Perfection
-Below that is what is true, good (moral), and beautiful
Epistemology of the forms.
-innatism
-we know them from a previous life
Explain Phaedo and the "equal sticks".
Sticks look very similar next to each other an nearly the same length, but when zoomed in you can see the differences.
-similar to the forms and the shadows in the physical world
Anthropology of Plato's ideas.
-soul is immortal (you will always exist, but body will die and fall away
-soul trapped in teh body
How might Plato and St. Paul disagree on the nature of the self?
-plato thinks body is bad
-Christians do not think this
Define lower knowledge.
-empiricism
-look at individual examples
-observe and document data
-Particulars
Define higher knowledge.
-knowledge of the universals
Define Actuality and Potentiality.
-Actuality- lectern is a lectern
-Potentiality- when it breaks down it has potential to become firewood
What does Aristotle believe to be really real?
-matter - stuff of which things are made
-form vs. Plato's form - the shape of something or inner urge
What did Aristotle think of Plato's idea of the forms?
-forms do not tell us of the reality of this material world
-cannot account for the sense impressions of things
-we have to understand change to understand what is real
-"participate in forms" merely poetic words with no substance
What are the 3 branches of knowledge according to Aristotle?
-productive- how to do things
-Practical- a theoretical kind of knowlege Ex. politics
-Theoretical- highest level of knowledge
What do we know through higher knowledge?
-the universal is in the particular
What are the four causes?
1. Material Cause: that out of which something is made (matter)
2. Formal Cause: that into which something is made (made into the knife)
3. Efficient Cause: that by means of which something is made (1. person? 2. the tools? 3.the energy? ex. muscle, electrical etc.)
4. Final Cause: that for the sake of which something is made (the goal toward which everything is moving)
Define telos.
purpose
Define entelechy.
-fulfilling the purpose
-we know a things purpose by that function that is unique to it
Origin of Universe according to Artistotle.
-the first cause
-God is not the first cause
-the "unmoved mover" (pure actuality toward which all potential is drawn)
-stuff always was; the universe always existed
Plato: What are the functions/virtues of the soul?
-REASON/ wisdom
-SPIRIT(love of winning)/courage
-APPETITES(body urges)/moderation
Plato: What is our best and highest function as humans?
reason
Plato: What is human beings implied purpose?
-to be RATIONAL
-we begin to understand what is true
Aristotle: Monism?
-body and soul are integrated
-the soul is what the body does
-he thought that the soul went when the body did
Aristotle: Types of souls?
1. RATIONAL(vegetative and sensitive plus...) : we can think and develop logical arguments (REASON)
2.SENSITIVE (vegetative plus...) : has a very basic form of memory and can respond to their basic memory. Ex. animals
3.VEGETATIVE: plants
Aristotle: What are humans for?
-Entelechy
-Purpose, unique function: Reason
What is important to both Plato and Aristotle?
Reason/rationality important to both
Plato: What is THE good for humans?
-rational control
-reason needs to be in control
Example of chariot and charioteer.
-Chariot=body
-2 horses=spirit and appetite
-Charioteer=reason
*without reason it would be a disaster
Plato's concerns about art.
-art deceives us and is merely copies of shadows
-passions are dangerous which are created by art
-they begin to control reason/rationality
Plato's problem of evil.
-to know the good is to do the good
-you focus using reason on what is actually good
-EVIL comes from ignorance
-it is the absence of good
Aristotle: what is the good?
-multiple goods based on entelechy
Aristotle: What is our good?
-rationality/reason by achieving one's entelechy
What is the pattern of life that fulfills our entelechy?
Eudaimonia
-the golden mean and balance
Aristotle's view of the arts?
-represent and illumine nature
-reveal universal in particular (all can connect w/ each other's issues)
-Provides Catharsis
What is a common theme between Plato and Aristotle?
rationality and a life of balance
Plato: How do we know the good in politics?
innatism
-the state is the soul writ at large
Plato: 3 classes(functions)/virtue?
1. GUARDIANS/wisdom
-rulers
-ideally rational about the good of the whole
2. SOLDIERS/AUXILIARIES/courage
-protect/fight for the state
3. ARTISANS/CRAFTSPERSONS/ moderation
-they keep the state going
3 main features of Plato's political system.
1. Hierarchy
2. Community
3. Rationality
Leadership in Plato's society?
-education for all
-rulers are the most rational ones ex. philosophers
Men/Female roles in Plato's society?
-males/females share the capacity for reason
Aristotle: knowing good in politics?
-empiricism, search for UNIVERSALS
Aristotle: Application of golden mean.
-leading from the middle
Aristotle: politics?
-we are meant to live out our lives in community
-Man is a political animal
Aristotle: Role of men and women?
-weaknesses to empiricism
-men were leaders, women were followers
What do Plato and Aristotle have in common?
-Both are rationalists
-universe is orderly
-knowable
-known best by human reason
Define Catharsis.
-pity and fear
-purges you so you can see the truth more clearly
Define Apollonian.
-reason: rationality
-peace and tranquility
-aesthetic emotion and intellectual contemplation ("ah ha"/ "oh yeah")
-God of sunlight/poetry
-Aristotle's Golden Mean
-Arts: architecture, painting, sculpture
-Knowledge: law, science, philosophy
-Civilization: domestication (the city and civil order)
Define Dionysian.
-Non-Rational
-ecstasy and horror
-God of wine and excess and abandon
-Tragedy:
-the primitive: instinct, adventure, dauntless suffering
-Wisdom: "dark wisdom"
-Extremes: ecstasy, horror, suffering, joy
-Arts: song, dance, esp. tragedy
-Risk, abandon, spontaneity
-"Follow your bliss"
The "tertium quid"?
-the third thing
-most people spend eternity in the lobby of hell
Rationalist confirm?
-reason is useful, but not fully adequate
1. reason
2. epistemology: intuition/authority we can learn important things
Non-rationalists confirm?
-3. logic is an inadequate tool
4. emotion: emotion, rightly understood and used can be a path to deep truth
Plato's ideal education
-university "one truth"
-philosophy at center of campus
Aristotle's ideal education
-before university we learn lower knowledge
-museums at the center
Debate Plato vs. Aristotle.
Theater/arts only inflates passions and distracts from the truth
-the universal is in the heavens
-ex. you have to already know what justice is

vs.

-the universal is found in the particular
-ex. find justice in the constitutions from many city-states.
Protagoras/ and other sophists university model.
-Rhetoric
-basic skills institute
-social sciences institute
-self-improvement quadrangle
-internship center: go out to practice your skills in the world
Sophists and the context of their times.
-introduced rationalism
-helped people solve problems for themselves
Sophists objection to Plato's metaphysics
-UNIVERSALS/Forms
Sophists objection to Aristotle.
-UNIVERSALS in particulars
Nature of truth according to the sophists
-every person's truth is slightly different from the next
3 key terms sophists metaphysics.
1. Physis- true nature of something
2. Nomos: norm, custom, law
3. Significance: virtually everything is nomos
Sophists objection to Plato's epistemology.
-overconfidence in reason
Sophists response to Aristotle.
-still concerned about confidence in reason
Sophists' conclusions regarding reason.
1. reason(empiricism) is better than authoritarianism
2. reason has limits; call to skepticism
Sophists' objection to Plato's ethics.
--ideas are not useful
Sophists' objection to Aristotle's ethics.
-ideas are not useful
Ethical values according to sophists.
1. argument for Practical ends or goals
2. argument for CONTEXT: situation matters
3. nomos vs. physis: offers standards
Define Arete.
-excellence (in practical terms: success)
Sophists' objection to Plato's politics.
-elitist "snob"
-very few people who are gonna benefit and be in charge
Sophists' Central political values.
1. argument for DEMOCRACY...participation, education for all
2. Argument for progress
Sophists' central value for anthropology.
-humanism
-"man is the measure of all things"
-Individualism, culture focuses on human experience
Stoics: What are the cosmic building blocks of nature?
1. Atomic Matter
-A/tomo: "uncuttable"
2. Fiery air currents (similar to energy)
-active
-not spread evenly
-"logos"
6 faces of LOGOS.
1. Basic material.
2. Blueprint for individual objects
-ex. DNA
3. At points of high concentration , logos is a soul
-we are all connected
4. Reason and logic itself
5.Spread throughout the universe
-logos is fate or providence
6. At points of highest concentration, IT is God
Consequences of logos. An orderly universe which is...
1. An organic whole (everything is connected)
-one body, literally
2. Knowable best by human reason
-our reason is connected to the reason!
Ex. terminals on the mainframe, not individual PCs
3. Predestined
4. Benevolent
-completely good
-we may not always see it
-Ex. mosaic or tapestry
Stoics: What is the great aim in life?
-happiness (contentment)
Stoics: How do we attain happiness in life?
1. LIVE IN HARMONY WITH NATURE
-ex. how things are
2. Specifically this means
-wisdom (i.e. knowing what is in your control
-apathy-A/pathos: lack of feeling
Stoics: 2 obstacles to attaining happiness in life.
1. ignorance- we think we can control things but we can't
2. fear- mainly fear of death
Stoics: what is the ethical ideal or wise man?
-Socrates: was apathetic and ignored fear, etc.
Romans: attitude towards politics.
1. Universal brotherhood
-anyone could be a Roman citizen
2. Cosmopolis "world city"
-no countries
-all be under 1 country
3. Natural law "there is a law in the universe"
-our laws should copy this basic law
Stoics: attitude towards
politics.
-logos(citizenship)
-logos(communities)
-logos(natural law)
Greeks: attitude towards politics.
-Greeks vs. Barbarians
-city-state (ex. Athens was a country
-Alexander was the exception
-(emerging natural law)
Arts and Architecture for Romans?
-mostly borrowed ideas
-mosaic and arch unique to them (ex. dome in pantheon
Romans major architectural feats.
1. Transportation
-roads and aqueducts
2. Commerce
-stores, buying and selling
-ex. fast food ovens
3. Entertainment
-ex. Colosseum, theatres
How did Romans influence our systems today?
-interstate
-malls
-amusement parks
-baseball stadiums
Mythological: Stages on life's way.
-story and authority
-is the story interesting?
-childhood
Greek: Stages on life's way.
-Reason/truth/abstractions
-is it universally true?
-college
Roman: Stages on life's way.
-practicality
-does it work? Can I make a buck?
-rest of life
4 epistemologies
1. authoritarianism
2. intuitionism
3. empiricism
4. innatism
define epistemology
-the nature and limits of knowledge
define authoritarianism.
-knowledge that comes from an authority
Advantages of authoritarianism.
-efficiency
-accessibility of info
-context
Disadvantages of authoritarianism.
-always a "second-order" epistemology
-confusion between power and authority
-requires suspension of one's own judgement
-Authoritarian info is ONLY AS GOOD AS ITS SOURCE
Define intuitionism.
-immediate apprehension
-independent of any reasoning process
-"hunch"
-not instinct
Characteristics of intuitionism.
-personal
-instantaneous
-involuntary- you can't make it happen
-unknown origin
Common uses of intuitionism.
-solving certain types of intellectual problems
-dealing w/ certain relational problems
-managing big life decisions
Problems with intuitionism.
-can't control it
-may produce wrong outcomes
-can't be tested or verified rationally
Define empiricism.
-knowlege through direct sensory experience
Advantages of empiricism.
-very democratic- open to public scrutiny
-presupposed by some other epistemologies
-productive- especially in medicine and technology
Problems of empiricism.
-our senses may deceive us
-inefficiency
-doesn't explain the intangible world well
Define innatism.
-inborn knowledge that is universal, 100% certain, logical (fits with the things we know to be true)
Advantages of innatism.
-applies to everyone
-certain
-keep us from being limited to what is
Problems of innatism.
-arrogance
-difficulty of establishing universals
-might just be a bias
-There might not be any!
What epistemologies are rational or non-rational?
-innate and empirical knowledge is always rational
-authority/intuition can be both rational and non-rational