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Bismark; policies and reforms
- "blood and iron"
-strengthened armies
-alliance w/ Austria
-two-house legislature
-keep France weak and isolated
-build strong links w/ Austria and Prussia
Dual monarchy between Austria and Hungary
-Ferenc Deak developed
-had separate constitutions and parliaments
-shared ministries of finance, defense, and foreign affairs
Unification of Italy
-Rome was last part to join (papal states, vattican)
-Giuseppe Mazzini: young italy
-Giuseppe Garibaldi: nationalist, wanted to create an italian republic
-red shirts
* deal negotiated with Bismark, Italy acquired venetia, France withdrew troops from Rome*
Unification of Germany
-Zollverein: economic union, dismantled tariff barriers
-realpolitik: realistic politics based on the needs of the state (do anything to win)
-end of Franco-Prussian war symbolized Germany was now dominant
-helping factors: iron and coal, educated and disciplined workforce
- Kulturkampf: "battle for civilization"
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