term1 Definition1term2 Definition2term3 Definition3
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spontaneous mutations
changes that result from normal cell processes
occur randomly at infrequent but characteristic rates
base substitution most common; leads to 3 possible outcomes (silent, missense, nonsense)
point mutation
change of a single base pair
silent mutation
wild-type amino acid
a single base pair substitution that codes for the same codon and does not alter the protein
missense mutation
different amino acid
a single base pair substitution that codes for a different codon
resulting protein may only partially function (termed: leaky)
nonsense mutation
a single base pair substitution that codes for a premature stop codon which yields a shorter protein
(specifies stop codon
yields shorter protein)
stop codons
UAA (you are away)
UGA (you gone away)
UAG (you are gone)
frameshift mutations
deletion or addition of nucleotides
3 pairs changes one codon; impact depends on location within protein
alters reading frame, one amino acid more or less
often results in premature stop codon
shortened, nonfunctional protein; knockout mutation
null/knockout mutation
a mutation that inactivates gene
induced mutations
result from outside influence
mutagen: agent that induces change
2 general types: chemical & radiation
chemical induced mutation
Chemical mutagens: may cause base substitutions or frameshift mutations
Some chemicals modify nucleobases by exchanging base-pairing properties
Base analogs resemble nucleobases which can mistakenly be incorporated by DNA polymerase
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