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4 types of Biological Molecules
Fats/Lipids, carbs, proteins, nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)
Chromosome
Comprised of DNA and proteins (DNA double helix wound to make chromosomes)
23 distinct PAIRS, each chromosome is 1 long DNA molecule
Looks like an “X”
What takes place in the nucleolus?
Ribosome synthesis
Chromatin
Made up of protein histones
Human karyotype
See all 23 pairs of chromosomes and what they look like
Gene
Units of heredity
Genes being expressed in the cytoplasm
Human genome
1. All genetic material in the cells (complete set of chromosomes and junk!)
2. Present in every cell in the body (in nucleus)
3. Very large: 3billion bp, >6.5feet of DNA, ~35,000 genes
4. Genes comprise only ~1% of human genome
5. Humans are 99.9% genetically similar (differ by only 3billion bp)
6. Sequence of base pairs determines which trait is expressed
Types of proteins
DNA expression- essentially protein production
Structural proteins- support us like collagen
Hormonal protein- hormone (ex: insulin)
Respiratory proteins- transports oxygen (hemoglobin)
Enzymes- molecules that increase rate of reaction
Chargaff’s Rule
1:1 ratio between adenine and thymine as well as cytosine and guanine (universal rule for all species)
Who elucidated structure of DNA?
Watson and Crick (1953)
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