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Stratum corneum
- Outermost layer of the epidermis - thin outer portion of the skin - consists of many rows of dead cells
Dermis
- Inner, relatively thick portion of skin composed mainly of connective tissue
- Hair follicles, sweat gland ducts, and oil gland ducts provide passageways through which microbes can enter and penetrate deeper tissues
Perspiration
- Provides moisture and some nutrients for microbial growth
- Contains salt, lysozyme and antimicrobial peptides also
Sebum
- Secreted by oil glands, is a mixture of lipids (unsaturated fatty acids), proteins, and salts that prevents skin and hair from drying out
- Can also be nutritive and inhibitive to pathogens
Diphtheroids
- Gram positive pleomorphic rods of normal flora
- Typically anaerobic and inhabit hair follicles
- Growth by sebum, produce propionic acid which helps maintain low pH of skin (3-5)
Ex: Propionibacterium acnes
Vesicles
Bullae
Macules
Papules
Pustules
- Small, fluid-filled lesions
- When they are larger than about 1 cm in diameter
- Flat, reddened lesions
- Raised lesions
- Lesions that contain pus
Exanthem
Enanthem
- A skin rash that arises from disease conditions
- A mucous membrane rash that arises from disease conditions
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
- Two genera of bacteria that are frequent causes of skin-related diseases
- May produce invasive enzymes and damaging toxins
- Spherical gram positive genus of bacteria
- Form irregular clusters
- Many produce coagulase (enzyme that clots fibrin in the blood)
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