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Why does forgetting in the LTM occur?
because we can't get access to the memories needed even though they're accessible.
What is interference?
When 2 pieces of information clash with another resulting in forgetting 1 or both pieces.
Define proactive interference
older memory disrupts newer ones e.g. a teacher calling a new student by their older siblings name (who they also teach)
define retroactive interference
Newer memory disrupts an older one. e.g. a teacher sees an old student and calls them by a new students name.
How do you remember the different types of interference?
P- proactive
O- old replaces new
R- retroactive
N- new replaces old.
Where does interference mainly occur and when is it worse?
LTM
Worse if memories are similar.
Outline the name, procedure and who studied interference
What were their findings and their conclusion?
McGeoch and Mcdonald (1931)- effects of similarity. PPT's learnt a set of 10 words until they could remember with 100% accuracy. then given a 2nd list, PPT's were split into 6 groups
synonyms,antonyms,unrelated words, nonsense syllables, 3 digits or no new list (PPTs rested, they were the control.) (these groups determined their second list.
Findings: recall of 1st list depended on nature of 2nd. most similar produced worst recall, disimilar material menat the mean number of items recalled increased.
conclusion: interference is strongest when memories are similar in group the words are the same meanings as original so the original list blocked access to new material and became confused with the old one.
How does lab evidence demonstrate interference?
many lab studies were carried out. Mcgeoch and mcdonald researched effects of similarity. most of these showed interference as a likely cause of LTM forgetting. Lab experiments control extraneous variables so interference is therfore a valid explanation.
How does real life studies support interference theory?
Baddeley and Hitch (1977) asked rugby players to recall names of teams they played that season week by week. recall varied on the number of games played in the meantime rather than how long ago the match took place this suggests interference can apply to everyday situatons.
How is artificial materials a limitation to interference theory?
stimulus material can often be word lists which is more realistic than consonant syllables or digits but still lacks external validity as we don't memorise word lists in real life. This suggests that artificial material raises likelihood of interference in the lab but may not be the cause of everyday forgetting.
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