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Commercial Revolution
Rise of long distance trade and merchants.
Ironworking- diffusion or independent invention?
Bantu expansion
From 5500 to 0
Old view: Reached South Africa in 1600s, at the same time as Europeans didSpread through migrationBantus displaced Khoisan and PygmiesDepended on technological superiority with iron and farming
New view: Reached South Africa by at least 100 CE, long before EuropeansSpread through migration and diffusion Bantus displaced or assimilated Khoisan and PygmiesFirst stages pre-dated iron
Cattle spread downwards from horn of africa starting 9000
Christian Jurgensen Thomsen
Danish archaeologist, 1788-1865
Three Age system:
Stone age - 2.5 mil years ago
Bronze age - 3300 bc
Iron age - 2200-1500 yrs ago
Iron smelting
Origin: middle east 2500-1500
African smelting - 900-600 or even earlier
Trans Saharan Trade Route
1500-500 BCE: Garamantes Berbers establish control over Trans-Saharan trade with Egyptians, Phoenicians, Greeks, and Romans
200-300 CE: The Camel is introduced to the Sahara, volume of trade increases enormously
Bantu culture
Round houses
Cattle complex
Iron working
Agriculture
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