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Recognize the mechanisms that maintain amino acid concentration in blood
Dietary proteins digested; AAs absorbed
Endogenous protein degraded; AAs released
- skeletal muscle
De novo synthesis of AAs from TCA intermediates
Define how amino acids contribute to the nervous system
Nervous system
- BCAAs & NH₄⁺ (as NH₃) cross blood brain barrier
- BCAAs transaminate α-KG to glutamate
- Glutamine synthase creates glutamine from NH₄⁺ and glutamate
- glutamine is shuttle to neuros where it can be converted back to glutamate
- translocation of glutamate as glutamine prevents excitotoxicity
Define how amino acids contribute to the liver
Glucagon promotes AA degradation in liver
NH₄⁺ can enter urea cycle
Carbon skeletons can be used for gluconeogenesis
Identify the roles of glutamine in the blood
Glutamate is one of two nitrogen transporters in blood
It is aminated (addition of NH₄⁺) to form glutamine which then travels through the blood
- often heads to liver where NH₄⁺ can be donated to urea cycle
Define negative nitrogen balance and explain why it is physiologically relevant
More NH₄⁺ is excreted in the urine than is maintained in the blood
Often occurs during hypercatabolic states brought on by
- trauma
- surgery
- burns
- sepsis
Epi and glucocorticoids lead to increased AA metabolism in the liver and skeletal muscle
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