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What are the 3 major functions of the lymphatic system?
The lymphatic system drains interstitial fluid, transports dietary lipids and initiation of immune responses.
Describe the structural organisation of lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes.
Lymphatic capillaries are closed ended capillaries with overlapping endothelial cells. Anchoring filaments attach lymph capillaries to surrounding tissues. Lymphatic vessels resemble veins but have thinner walls and more valves. Lymph nodes are encapsulated in bean-shaped organs with a superficial cortex and deeper medulla.
How do lymphatic capillaries allow interstitial fluid to flow into them but not out?
Overlapping endothelial cells allow one way flow of lymph into capillary.
What is oedema? What effect does it have on lymphatic capillary flow?
Swelling caused by excess fluid in interstitial space. Oedema opens overlapping endothelial cells to allow more lymph drainage.
What is a lymphatic trunk?
Larger lymph vessel formed when lymph vessels unite, usually after exiting a chain of lymph nodes.
What is the cisterna chyli and where is it located?
It is a dilated area anterior to the 2nd lumbar vertebra which begins the thoracic duct. It receives lymph from the right and left lumbar and the intestinal trunk.
Which regions of the body are drained by the thoracic duct? By the right lymph duct?
The thoracic duct (left lymphatic duct) drains lymph from the left side of the head, neck and chest, the left upper limb and the entire body inferior to the ribs. The right lymphatic duct receives lymph from the upper right side of the body.
Where does each of these ducts drain lymph into venous blood (thoracic and right lymphatic duct)?
The thoracic duct in turn drains lymph into venous blood at the junction of the left internal jugular and left subclavian veins. The right lymphatic duct drains lymph into venous blood at the junction of the right internal jugular and right subclavian veins.
Summarise the sequence of fluid flow from blood capillaries through the lymphatic system and back to the blood.
Blood capillaries (blood) to interstitial spaces (interstitial fluid) to lymphatic capillaries (lymph) to lymphat vessels (lymph) to lymph nodes (lymph) to lymph trunks to lymph ducts (lymph) to junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins (blood).
Differentiate between primary and secondary lymphatic organs and tissues.
The primary lymphatic organs and tissues are the sites where stem cells divide and develop into mature B cells and T cells capable of mounting an immune response. The secondary lymphatic organs and tissues are the sites where most immune responses occur.
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