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Causes of haemorrhage
Injury
Surgery
GI bleed
Obstretic bleeding
Immediate consequences of haemorhage
Immediate consequences - decrease in intravascular volume --> decreased venous return to heart --> decresased ventricular filling --> decreased cardiac output --> decrease blood pressure --> decrease renal perfusion --> decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
Response to haemorrhage
Afferent sensors activated - carotid baroreceptors, aortic arch baroreceptors, atrial volume stretch receptors, juxtaglomerular sensors
Efferent signals - increase in heart rate and contractility, vasoconstriction increases total peripheral resistance, venoconstriction other effects = catecholamine secretion and sweating
Later efferent responses
Renin release promoting AII activation
AII mediated vasoconstriction, aldosteorne release and vasopressin release
Other symptoms
tachycardia
pale skin
cold peripheries
sweating
hypotension
low urine output
confusion
HYPOVOLAEMIC SHOCK
Treatment of hypovolaemic shcok
IV infusion
blood tranfusion
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