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Null-Hypothesis
Two variables that are not related
(Oral Motor exercises do not help Articulation clients)
Experimental Research
A means of establishing cause-effect relationships
EX: If a client with phonological processes practices with minimal pairs will they improve speech patterns?
Has Independent (Cause) and Dependent variables (Effect).
Descriptive Research
Researchers observe phenomenon of interest and records his or her observations.
EX: People with Aphasia compared to people without Aphasia on word finding measures.
Classification Variable (The two study groups) and Criterion Variable (Performance on a word finding assessment)
Alternative Hypothesis
Two Variables are indeed related
(EX: Will slow easy speech training reduce disfluency?)
Test Sensitivity
Refers to how well a test detects that a condition (Dysphagia) is present when the condition is actually present (The proportion of true positives correctly identified on a test)
Test Specificity
Refers to how well the test detects that a condition (Dysphagia) is not present when the condition is actually not present (the proportion of true negatives correctly identified by the test).
Between-Subjects Design
Comparisons of two or more groups of subjects
Utilizes matching overall (ex: average age) or pairwise matching of each subject to another subject on the extraneous variables (ex: age, education, gender) [Comparing differences between them]
Within-Subjects Design
The behavior of the same subjects is studied under different conditions.
Treatment Efficacy Research
Demonstrates the benefits of treatment through well-controlled studies with internal validity, statistical significance and practical significance.
Treatment Effectiveness
Demonstrates clinical improvement from the treatment when applied in real-world context
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