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Torah
Commandments given directly from God to Moses, they provide the basis for Jewish Law. There is a written Torah and an oral Torah, the written was passed from God to Moses, the oral was spoken from God to Moses. The oral was not written originally, but passed on through generations. In 200 CE the written and oral Torah were compiled to form the Mishnah.
Rabbinic Judaism
Rabbinic Judaism became the mainstream form of Judaism since the Talmudic Rabbi's found evidence in scripture in the Tanakh to support the idea of a rewarding afterlife after death.
Mitzvot
Mitzvot is the plural of Mitzvah. Mitzvah means commandent. The Mitzvot refer to the 613 commandments taken from the Torah by the Rabbi's that Jewish law is based on.
Tanakh
The Tanakh is the Hebrew bible, made up of The Torah, the Nevi’im, and the Ketuvim. These three parts translate to the Prophets, the Writings and the Torah. It is also known as the New Testament to Christians. In the Tanakh are also the written revelations Moses received from God, in the written Torah.
Gemara
Rabbinic commentaries on the Mishnah. It is included in the Talmud.
Mishnah
The relation to the written and oral Torah, as discussed by the Rabbis.
Talmud
Oral revalations, the Mishnah and the Gemara compiled together are referred to as the Talmud.
Good/Evil Inclination (yetzer ha-toc/ yetzer ha-ra)
All humans have an evil inclination (yetzer ha-ra) and a good inclination (yetzer ha-tov). These inclinations drive humans. The evil inclinations drive the fulfilment of desires and appetites, such as sexual desires. The evil inclination is seen as both good and bad, the evil inclinations dominate and alienate him from God, but also drive life (ex-having sex results in procreation). Life is about struggling with the two inclinations.
Halakhah
Jewish Law, based on the Torah. Halakhah are the laws that Jewish people must follow in their daily life.
Sheol
The underworld that all individuals are sent to after their death. It is a land of darkness that all those who die are sent to, regardless of whether they were a good person or not. Only a few exceptions are able to escape Sheol, and they must have some divine importance.
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