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What was Peterson and Petersons (1959) investigation into the duration of STM?
What were the results of Peterson and Petersons (1959) investigation into the duration of STM?
After 3 seconds, participants could recall about 80% of trigrams correctly.
After 18 seconds, participants could recall only about 10% correctly.
What are the conclusions and evaluations of Peterson and Petersons (1959) investigation into the duration of STM?
Conclusion: When rehearsal is prevented, very little can stay in STM for longer than about 18 seconds.
Evaluation: A lab experiment - reliable results.
Artificial nonsense trigrams - lacks ecological validity.
Only one type of stimulus used - STM may depend on type of stimulus.
Many different trigrams - could have led to confusion.
What was Bahrick et al's (1975) investigation into LTM in a natural setting?
Free recall test: 392 people were asked to list the names of their ex - classmates.
Photo - recognition test: They were then shown photos and asked to recall the names of the people shown.
Name - recognition test: Alternatively, they were given names and asked to match them to a photo of the classmate.
What were the results of Bahrick et al's (1975) investigation into LTM in a natural setting?
Within 15 years of leaving school, participants could recognise about 90% of names and faces, and were 60% accurate on the free - recall test.
After 30 years, free recall declined to about 30% accuracy.
After 48 years, name - recognition was about 80% accurate and photo - recognition was about 40% accurate.
What are the conclusions and evaluations of Bahrick et al's (1975) investigation into LTM in a natural setting?
Conclusion: Shows evidence of VLTMs in a 'real - life' setting. Recognition is better than recall.
Evaluation: Field experiment - high eco validity.
Less control of variables - less reliable results.
Results can't be generalised to other types of information held in LTM, because this is meaningful information and could be rehearsed.
What was Jacobs' (1887) study into the capacity of STM?
Participants were presented with a string of letters of digits, and had to repeat them back in the same order. The number of letters of digits increased each time until the participant failed to recall correctly.
What were the results of Jacobs' (1887) study into the capacity of STM?
The majority of the time, participants recalled about 9 digits and 7 letters.
This capacity incresed with age during childhood.
What are the conclusions and evaluations of Jacobs' (1887) study into the capacity of STM?
Conclusion: STM has a limited capacity or 5 - 9 items. STM increased with age, and digits may have been easier to recall as there were only ten, opposed to 26 letters.
Evaluation: Artificial - lacks ecological validity.
More meaningful information may be recalled better.
Previous sequences may have confused participants.
What was Baddeley' (1966) study into encoding in STM and LTM?
Participants were given four sets of words that were either acoustically similar, acoustically dissimilar, semantically similar, or semantically dissimilar. The experiment used an independent groups design and participants were asked to recall the words either immediately or after a 20 - minute task.
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