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The origins of the Revolution
. Ancien regime holds deep rooted problems, influenced government, taxation, societies divides, and spread of ideas and englightement.
. Before 1789 absolute monarchy however there were many independent bodies like the assembly of the clergy
. Louis weak and indecisive, married Marie in 1770. She's labeled as the 'Austrian Whore' as she continually spends large sums of livres
. Peasantry 85% of people. ANnoyed they paid tithe and feudal dues. Sent letters and Grievances.
Taxation
. Taille - Land tax, direct, hit the third estate, some people were granted exemption
. Vingtieme - 5% income tax - direct - only third estate
. Capitation - Poll tax - Direct - in theory second and third
. Gabelle - salt tax - indirect - Everyone
. Aidas - Food and drink tax - indirect - everyone
. Octrois - Goods entering a town - indirect - everyone
. Tithe - people paid to the church
Turgot
. Louis appointed Turgot as controller-general. He was influenced by philosophes and embarked on reform. Establish trade guilds and reform taxation. He soon left office
Upper estate privalleges
. Tried in their own courts
. Exempt from military services
. Exempt from Gabelle
. Exempt from forced labour on roads
. Decided feudal dues
. Exclusive right to hunting
. Join by hereditary or venal offices
Issues affecting french society
First estate - The church
. Vast differences in wealth between upper clergy and ordinary priests
. Resentment against the church regarding tithes and the don gratuit
Second estate - The nobility
. Resentment against nobility for not paying direct taxes
. Feudal rights resented by tenants
First estate
. Bourgeoisie had no political role under absolutism
. Burden of taxation largely borne by third estate
Short term causes of french revolution
Foreign policy and the American War of Independence
. Government sought revenge against Britain following 1763
. Supporting American rebels against british 1778-83 resulted in additional debt and awareness of political liberty.
Financial crisis
. Verge of bankruptcy
. Sought new measures to raise taxes
The failure of the reform process
. Assembly of notables refused to back reform
. Dismissal of Calonne
The political crisis 1787-9
. Louis' political weakness
. Revolt of the Aristocracy
The economic crisis
. Bad harvests - Rising bread prices
. Less consumption - unemployment
. Grain and food riots
Long term causes of the french revolution
. Problems of govermnent and finance
. Tension in society - the church, nobility, Third estate
. Impact of the enlightenment
The Estates-General
. 1789 may 5th met - voting by order, and estate. favour the two privalleged states.The third estate wanted voting by head so they'd have a say
. The composition of the deputies in the estates general = 291 in first. 282 in second. 580 in third.
. Cahiers are lists of grievances and suggestions for reform. in 1789 they were all against absolutism, wanted constitutional monarch. Only third wanted voting by head.
. The nobles rejected the third estate. So they called themselves the National Assembly.
The Tennis Court Oath
After a direct challenge by the third estate to the authority of the king he held a royal session. Seanace royale.
The deputies met instead on a tennis court.
Creation of the National Assembly.
Louis tried to ignore this and advice. He accepted:
. No taxes imposed without representatives
. Lettres de cachet abolished
. Gabelle and corvee abolished
He also considered militancy and deployed 4000 troops to paris and versailles.
Summary of Estates-General
Drawing up of the cahiers
Electing the estates general
. Voting procedures
. Profile of deputies
The meeting of the Estates-General
. The tennis court oath
. Declaration of the National Assembly
Reaction of the crown
. Military deployment
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