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What characterises drug dependence?
Drug dependence or addiction refers to the state when drug-taking becomes compulsive and starts to take precedence over other needs. There is an excessive craving for the drug.
What characterises physical dependence?
If withdrawal from the drug causes physical symptoms (an abstinence syndrome), the drug causes physical dependence.
What characterises psychological dependence?
If withdrawal from the drug causes drug-seeking behaviour from the affected person, the drug causes psychological dependence.
What is positive reinforcement?
Positive reinforcement refers to how a stimulus makes you more likely to seek out the stimulus again later.
Euphoria causes significant positive reinforcement, as the addict wants to experience the euphoria again later.
What characterises drug abuse?
Drug abuse or substance abuse refer to the use of drugs unfairly or immorally.
What characterises tolerance?
Tolerance is defined as when a drug causes decreased pharmacological effects after repeated administration.
It often accompanies dependence.
What two types of (acquired) tolerance exist?
Pharmacokinetic tolerance
Pharmacodynamic tolerance
What characterises pharmacokinetic tolerance?
Pharmacokinetic tolerance occurs when enzymes that metabolize the drug are induced, increasing the metabolism of the drug.
What characterises pharmacodynamic tolerance?
Pharmacodynamic tolerance is adaptive changes that alter the pharmacodynamics of the drug, such as decreased receptor density or changes in the signal transduction pathway of the receptors
Which opioids are commonly abused?
Morphine, heroin, fentanyl, methadone
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