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Macroscopic findings in inflammation (Cardinal signs)
1. Rubor (redness) - due to small vasculature dilation
2. Calor (heat) - due to increased blood flow (hyperemia) to the target region. Fever is due to IL1 and TNF (acting on hypothalamus raising the temperature setpoin)t, PGE2, and bradykinin
3. Tumor (swelling) - fluid exudation and accumulation in interstitium
4. Dolor (pain) - trauma, stretching due to edema or pus, PGE2, bradykinin, and serotonin
5. Functio laesa (loss of function) - due to pain and swelling
Laboratory signs of inflammation
1. Elevated white blood cell count
2. Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
3. Elevated level of positive acute phase reactants (APRs) -eg. CRP, SAA, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, etc.
4. Reduced level of negative APRs -eg. albumin
Classification of inflammation
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