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What are pharmacokinetics?
Pharmacokinetics is a subject which deals with what the body does to a drug. More specifically it deals with the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs.
What are pharmacodynamics?
Pharmacodynamics is a subject which deals with how the drug acts on the body. More specifically it deals with the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs.
Describe some ways scientists can find new drug candidates.
- They can modify already existing drugs or natural substances
- They can find a target molecule in the body and try to create a compound which acts on this target
- They can create compounds which resemble endogenous molecules
What occurs during phase Ia clinical trials?
During phase Ia clinical trials a drug is given in a single dose to healthy male volunteers, to test the acute tolerance of the drug.
Why are only male volunteers used in phase Ia clinical trials?
Because exposing females to potentially dangerous drugs might negatively affect their eggs. Males produce sperm continuously and therefore don't have this problem.
What occurs during phase Ib clinical trials?
During phase Ib clinical trials the drug is given in repeated doses to healthy male volunteers, to test long-term tolerance.
What occurs during phase II clinical trials?
During phase II clinical trials there will be pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies on patients taking the drug over a period of time
What occurs during phase III clinical trials?
During phase III clinical trials the drug is tested for therapeutic effects in a large scale placebo-controlled double-blind study.
What occurs during phase IV clinical trials?
During phase IV clinical trials the drug is already in the market. During this time there will be studies measuring the long-term effects and safety of the drug.
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