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24 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What is meant by situational crime prevention?

Clarke- an attempt at reducing criminal opportunities rather than the cause

Give an example of situational crime prevention

Felson- Port Authority Bus Terminal.


Designed to reduce crimes such as rough sleeping and drug dealing

Criticise Situational Crime Prevention techniques

+Does prevent crime


+Helped in reducing suicides- non-toxic cars.


-Mainly just due to displacement


-Ignores corporate crime


-Assumes rational choice

Outline Wilson and Kelling's method to reduce crime

Environmental crime prevention


Rid of damage immediately-prevent 'broken windows'


Zero tolerance policing

Give an example of Environmental prevention

Improvement strategies>NY- 'Clean car program'


Removed and cleaned graffitied subway cars


Greatly removed any further graffiti crime.

Outline social/community prevention technique

Tackling root cause through socialisation and improving social conditions




Perry preschool=3/4 y/o.2 years week home visits


By 40, significant less arrests. $1spent=$17 saved

Explain Foucault's view of punishment

We have two forms:


Sovereign- monarch had power- visible punishment was given


Disciplinary- governs the body and mind.

Give an example of disciplinary surveillance.

Panopticon- Each call visible from central watchtower but not vice versa.


Prisoners know they could be being watched but not when and so behave just in case they are

Evaluate Foulcault

-Exaggerates control- some inmates can resist.


-CCTV not effective-Norris=causes displacement.


-Surveillance just gives ideology to make public feel safe

Following Foucault's ideas what other ways of surveillance are there

Mathiesen-Synopticon=Everyone watches each other


Thompson- Sousveillance=control the controllers


Haggerty- Surveillance assemblages= data double collected from multiple technology

Explain 'Technology of power'

Calculate risk factor of groups to prevent offending


Actuarial justice- pick likely offenders from stats


Norris+Armstrong=CCTV operators target young black men

Outline the the functions of prison

Deterrence- discouraging offenders


Rehabilitiation- change offenders thinking


Incapacitation- Removing chance of offending

Outline the functionalist view of punishment

To uphold social solidarity. Durkheim outlines two ways:


Retributive justice- Oppress offender through cruel and severe treatment


Restitutive justice- Offender must fix their damage

Outline the Marxist view of punishment

RSA used to control and maintain social order


Imprisonment favourable by capitalists as time is money and offenders 'pay by doing time'

What are the trends in imprisonment?

Not effective- 66% re-offending rate


Still a move towards 'populist punitiveness'- tougher sentences.


Population doubled since 1993.


147 in every 100,000. Russia= 447, Iceland=45

What are the trends of US prison system?

100-698 in every 100,000 (3% population) imprisoned


Black americans- 13% pop~ 37% prison pop


Move from 'penal welfarism' to 'tough on crime'

What is meant by transcarceration?

The movement of an individual from one institution to another throughout their life

How has the way in which CJS deal with criminalisation changed?

Originally diverted youth away.


Now more community control such as curfews,


ASBOs just divert youth into prison for civil behaviours

Outline the difference between positivist and critical victimology

Positivist- identify patterns. Focus on victim proneness. Give sense of victim precipitation.




Critical- Focuses on structural factors and the power to apply 'victim' label.

Evaluate positivist victimology

-Ignores structural factors


-Victim blaming


-Ignores corporate crime

Evaluate critical victimology

+Draws attention to the creation of victim status


-Disregards the role of the victim

Outline patterns of victimisation

Poor more at risk. Homless 12x more likely


Young most at risk. Elderly face abuse in homes


Males at risk of violence, 70% homicides are male victims. Women risk of sex crimes


60% never been a victim but 4% of vicitms make up 44% of crimes

Outline and give examples of secondary victimisation

Impact of crime as a result of CJS may cause further harm.


Rape victims may have double violation- the rape and the way in which the court deals with it.


Hate crimes intimidate whole communities

What have surveys found about fear of crime

Fear is often irrational


Women afraid of being in dark when young males are most at risk