Contributions To Fle

Front 1

Simon Borg (2003)

(Current Trends)

Back 1

Teacher Cognition

Cognitive dimension of teaching that is unobserved

Four Areas: schooling, professional coursework, contextual factors, classroom practice
Summary: Teacher education not enough on its own. Other factors are essential components in shaping teacher cognition

Front 2

Rod Ellis (2001)

(Current Trends)

Back 2

Focus on Form

Any planned or incidental instructional activity that is intended to induce language learners pay attention to linguistic form

Front 3

Rod Ellis (2012)
(Current Trends)

Back 3

Consciousness Raising

Explicit knowledge of foreign language forms that helps facilitate a learner's implicit knowledge acquisition for communicative purposes

2012 Spanish student study found may not be useful in younger students but useful for adult or university students

Front 4

Gardner and Lambert (1972)
(Current Trends)

Back 4

Language Learning Motivations

Instrumental/Integrative/Assimilated

Concluded that both motivations are possible but degree is more important than type

Tied in with affective and cognitive learner characterstics

Front 5

Burns & Richards (2009)

(Current Trends)

Back 5

Landscape of SLA Education

"Self-directed collaborative inquiry-based learning that is directly relevant to the teachers' classroom"

Front 6

Carol Ann Tomlinson (2013)

(Instructional Methods)

Back 6

Differentiated Instruction

"Shaking up what goes on in the classroom so students have multiple opportunities to explore concepts, make sense of ideas and demonstrate what they know and understand"

Student needs/every class looks different/groupings

Front 7

Dell Hymes (1966)

(Instructional Methods)

Back 7

Communicative Competence

Knowledge of language consisting more than knowledge of rules of grammar but also knowledge of the rules of the use of language

Form and Meaning, Comprehensive input, Meaningful and motivating tasks

Front 8

Swain (1980)

(Instructional methods)

Back 8

3 Communicative Competences

1. Grammatical- words and rules

2. Sociolinguistic: appropriateness
3. Strategic: appropriate use of communication strategies

Front 9

Stephen Krashen (Early 80's)
(Sheltered Instruction)

Back 9

Sheltered Instruction

"We acquire language in one way and one way only. When we get comprehensible input in a low anxiety environment."

Not HOW we say something but WHAT is said

According to Krashen comprehensible input is the last resort

Front 10

Echevarria (1996-2003)

(Sheltered Instruction)

Back 10

SIOP Model

Developed over 7 year period

Collaboration with researches

Not exactly step-by-step/allows for natural variation

Designed to combine high quality instruction with neccesary language acquisition features

Front 11

Garcia (2005)

(Cultural Diversity)

Back 11

5 R's of Educational Reform

Respectful

Responsive

Responsible

Resourceful

Reasonable

Front 12

Paulo Freire (1970)

(Cultural Diversity)

Back 12

The Banking Method

(as it relates to culturally diverse classrooms)

Garcia says "culturally flawed" students seen as inferior when seen through lens of Americanization

Problem-posing as solution to banking method. Students can use their diversity as an asset -- constructivism

Front 13

Important Legislation (3)

(Cultural Diversity)

Back 13

Bilingual Education Act of 1968
Funded many programs

Lau vs. Nichols (1972)
Chinese-American students case for equal treatment of LEPs

Plyer vs. Doe (1982)
Schools cannot deny enrollment to children of illegal immigrants

Front 14

Hofstede (Early 70's)

(Cultural Diversity)

Back 14

Cultural Dimensions Theory

Uncertainty avoidance: degree to which members of a culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations.

Example: Students in Asia afraid to speak out and make mistakes. Creativity stifled.