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9 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a economical advantage of neuroscience? |
1. Nuffield Trust (2014) - pointed out that since the financial crisis in 2008 prescription of antidepressants increased, in particular in areas of unemployment and poverty. 2. Thomas and Morris (2003) - estimated the cost of depression at £9.1 billion in 2000, and dementia at £23 billion annually. |
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How can neuroscience be applied to understanding consciousness? |
1. Christof Koch (1998) - proposed that the area of consciousness is a thin sheet of neutrons in the centre of the brain, known as the 'claustrum'. 2. Koubessi et al. (2014) - electrically stimulated the claustrum of a 54 year old patient (suffering from epilepsy) showing she completely lost consciousness during the procedure. 3. This could help make decisions about patients in a persistent vegetative state. |
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How could understanding consciousness be unethical? |
1. If neurologists are able to locate the point of consciousness, what implications does this have for individuals in a permanent vegetative state on life support. 2. The evidence for the 'claustrum' is based on one case study on an 'abnormal brain - epileptic'. |
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How can neuroscience be applied to treating criminals? |
1. Cherek et al. (2002) - experimented on males with a history of violence. Half received a placebo for 21 days and over half received paroxetine (an SSRI). 2. Group receiving paroxetine showed significant improvement, offering pharmacological treatments for criminals, which would make them less dangerous. |
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How could treating criminals be unethical? |
1. If criminal activity is linked to neurological imbalances there may be implications to force treatment on them. 2. Martha Farah (2004) - argues if courts use neurological interventions, then it is a denial of the prisoner's freedom. |
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How can neuroscience be applied to enhancing neurological function? |
1. Cohen Kadosh et al. (2012) - found that TDCS (Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation) improved problem-solving and mathematical, language, memory and attention capabilities. 2. Students could use this as a neuroenhancer, like caffeine, which blocks adenosine receptors. |
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How could enhancing neurological function be unethical? |
1. Cohen Kadosh et al. (2012) - showed that there are no training or licensing rules for practitioners yet. 2. This could cause ineffective treatment or brain damage. 3. TDCS is expensive and therefore not available to everyone. |
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How can neuroscience be applied to improving marketing techniques? |
1. Due to social desirability marketing research is not always accurate and therefore EEGs and eye tracking devices can be used to give us a more precise idea. 2. Sands Research used this method, which proved very successful for Volkswagen. |
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How could improving marketing techniques be unethical? |
1. Wilson et al. (2008) - neuromarketing allows a delivery of an individualised message and this can manipulate our free will by big brands. 2. Nelson (2008) - showed that companies are not obligated by ethical protocols and 5% of scans indicated 'incidental findings', such as brain tumours. |
