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77 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What are 3 main goals of conservation bio?

document full range of species


investigate human impact, genetic variation


protect biodiversity, ecological processes

What are the assumptions of the ethical principles

diversity, evolution, ecological complexity are good, extinction is bad


diversity has intrinsic value

John Muir

dedicated to protection and preservation after he regained his sight and could see the world.


founded sierra club


helped start Yellowstone


basis of deep ecology



Preservation Ethic

coined by John Muir, thought that people and nature have a connection that is spiritual and intrinsic.

Gifford Pinchot

founded forestry, balanced amount of timber used,


came up with 1,2 principles, which stated multiple use sustained yield and efficient use doctrines, respectively

Aldo Leopod

wrote sand county almanac


came up with evolutionary ecological land ethic, to integrate humans into ecosystems, beginning of modern ecology

What are the 3 main types of biodiversity

genetic, species, ecosystem

how is diversity measured within a population?

cladogram


counting species "richness"

alpha

number of species in a specific site, then average

gamma

number of species in a region

beta

gamma/alpha, rate of change along environmental gradient

Biological species definition

breeding defines, most common, different for plants

Why must we define a species?

shows what we are protecting


Endangered species act only protects specific species, such as Gunnison Sage Grouse

Where is most of the worlds biodiversity found

tropical forest contain 1/2, lots of insects



What contains second most biodiversity?

coral reefs, which have species richness due to many niches, more wide dispersal of species


What contains third most biodiversity

mediterranean communities defined by moist winters and hot dry summers, contain most plant species


species richness inc with dec elevation and inc precipitation



what leads to genetic variation concerning land?

isolation

specific species protection

example is endemic bird areas, miss rare species if only include highest diversity,


look at the utility



keystone species

often predators, maintain health of environment


wolves in Yellowstone

indicator species

canary in coal mine

umbrella species

associated with other species, share habitat

flagship

attract interest in conservation, killer whales

biodiversity indicators

most diversity occurs with topography and mediterranean climate,rain forests


must also consider armed conflict regions, as these may be impossible to work in

centers of biodiversity

representative sites of as many types of ecological communities should be conserved


example is Nature conservancy, whose goal is to protect 10% of the ocean

Establishing wildlife areas

Costa Rica uses natural resources to generate economic growth

How do we determine which species are saved?

ones that humans are willing to

What happens with more interactions btw species

more pathogens and pests, higher death rate

ecological economics

goal is sustainability, loss of ecosystems is due to economic pursuits

Adam Smith

believed all costs and benefits are felt by all humans, therefore people would try to protect

externalities

hidden costs or benefits


example is Silvery Minnow

market failure

when a few benefit at a cost to larger society, net loss to all

what is major factor of economic change

land conversion, balance btw private land and shared interests

What economic indicator does not take into account environmental factors

GDP

Why is ecosystem biodiversity important

other species have right to thrive


provide services


prevent collapse for future generations

Use values

direct use, such as consumption or production, or indirect use, or all others

non use values

existence, protection, maintaining a culture and ecological processes

Direct use

goods consumed locally, highest in traditional societies


example is medicines


traditions may no longer be sustainable due to non nomadic lifestyles

indirect uses

ecosystem services, nonrecoverable after degradation, example is ecotourism

option value

future, prospects of future value, hardest to quantify because currently nonexistent

discount rate

rate at which society discounts future, given a lower value because not as important as current needs

existence value

nature has the right to exist


uses cost benefit analysis


Example- management options for logging, fishing, tourism in the Philippeans

Precautionary principle

better to error on side of no harm

Reverse subsidies

appearance of profit for many destructive activities

Do species have a current market value

no

extirpated

locally extinct

ecologically extinct

population too small to survive in the wild

How many species are lost per year

100-10000


Why is current extinction different

more species,


many megafona disappearing at rapid rate


not balanced by evolution of other species anymore


rapid habitat loss



What is current rate of extinction

1%, used to be infinitely less

When was there a slowing of extinction

1950 when definition of extinction was changed and people began protecting species

Triage for extinction

limited geographic range,


few populations


small population size


used for harvesting or hunting

endemism

naturally found in a single area

neoendemics

newly spectated via hybridization



paleoendemics

ancient species with few living relatives



what are main causes of endemism

limited geography due to boundaries


islands


species may not be easily dispersed


live in a pristine environment


form temporary aggregations, or groups


no prior contact with people


threatened/extinct relatives

What does more individuals in a population lead to

higher death rate because of competition and disease


lower birth rate because of competition for resources



Allee effect

death rate inc but birth rate inc then dec

IUCN

categorizes species at risk,


gives recommendations but no legal protection


Red List

EX

extinct

EW

extinct in wild

CR

critically endangered

DD

data deficient

NT

near threatened

NE

not evaluated

Natural Heritage Program

local state level, funded by grants, donations, programs


looks at remaining populations, number of locations, degree of threat


1-5, most to least in danger


G is global


S is state


N is national

Fish and Wildlife Service

federal level of protection


LE is endangered


LT is threatened


"candidates are not protected



where do plants have protection

only on federal land

What is greatest threat to worlds species

habitat loss, then overexploitation

fragmentaton

continuous are reduced in size and then divided

Island Biogeographical Model

developed by MacArthur and Wilson


said species richness of islands can be modeled as a dynamic balance btw immigration and extinction

small islands

have fever niches, have higher extinction, have fewer species

far islands

long travel distance, have lower immigration, have fewer species



more species leads to what on islands

lower rate of immigration, higher rate of extinction

phenology

study of relationship btw climate and seasonal timing of biological phenom a


bird migration, plant blooming

USA Global Change Research Project

informations of observed, current, future patterns


plan is to make policy, modernize, manage, and provide info and tools

National Climate Assessment Indicator System

system of social, ecological, societal indicators that show climate, vulnerabilities



what can we do to change climate change

improve understanding of effects on variability of phenology


more data collection across high density locations