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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Evidence Based Conservation - Large Blue |
Large Blue Thomas, Simcox, Clarke (2009) - 6 year life cycle from egg to adult Thomas et al 1989 - host specified, M. Arion and M. Sabuleti |
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Evidence Based Conservation - Reed Bed Management |
Dilthogo et al 1992 - burning had no significant effect on soil invertebrates |
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Evidence Based Conservation - Freshwater Liming |
Denton, Hitchings, Beebee and Gent 1997 - adding limestone to ponds helped increase natterjack toad populations Banks, Beebee and Denton 1993 - increased breeding of natterjack roads/increased pond abandonment Beattie, Aston, Milner 1993 - lining increases larval and egg survival of common frogs/high numbers of abnormal eggs Mant et al 2013 - liming increased fish abundance and invert richness although not in all rivers |
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Evidence Based Conservation - Falcons and Nest Boxes |
RSPB.org - peregrines decreased in 19th and 20th centuries due to hunting Urbanperegrines.co.uk - Schedule 1 of Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, combo w DDT ban helped Dixon and Shawyer ND - artificial nest boxes used for peregrines, three kinds Petty 1985 - Eurasian kestrels didn’t use nest boxes at all Fargallo et al 2001 - Eurasian kestrels doubles after 47 nest boxes installed in Spain |
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Evidence Based Conservation - Great Crested Newts |
Lewis, Griffiths and Barrios 2007 - trans located newts established pops in artificial ponds Lewis 2012 - systematic review of 11 studies, no evidence pond creation results in self sustaining pops |
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Evidence Based Conservation - Pine Martens |
- Davison et al 2002 - 3 experienced surveyors misclassified 18% of scats - Birks et al 2005 - scar sampling not as accurate as believed |
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Evidence Based Conservation - Pros and Cons |
Adams and Sandbrook 2013 - doesn’t take into account qualitative data or indigenous practices/scientific uncertainties mean evidence isn’t always clear cut Observer 2012 - despite contrary evidence, badger cull ongoing |
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Landscape vs Single Sps Approaches - Landscape Pros |
Block, Finch and Brennan 1995 - avian communities have large numbers of sps so single sps won’t work and providing environmental conditions that benefit lots of species is better Bixler et al 2018 - climate change means landscape approach is the future Daniels 1994 - landscape is defined as a kilometres wide area where a cluster of interacting ecosystems repeats in a similar form |
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Landscape vs Single Sps Approaches - Landscape Pros |
Block, Finch and Brennan 1995 - avian communities have large numbers of sps so single sps won’t work and providing environmental conditions that benefit lots of species is better Bixler et al 2018 - climate change means landscape approach is the future Daniels 1994 - landscape is defined as a kilometres wide area where a cluster of interacting ecosystems repeats in a similar form |
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Landscape vs Single Sps Approaches - Landscape Cons |
Opdam, Foppen, Reijnen and Schotman - in fragmented bird pops, concluded more evidence needed before approach could be returned to Noss 1983 - rare sps still get priority but what’s rare in a region may not be rare nationally/one large reserve or lots of small ones DeFries, Sharma, Dutta 2016 - in the Centra Indian Highlands, people and wildlife uses may conflict, hard to find a solution for everyone |
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Landscape vs Single Sps Approaches - Single Sps Pros |
Block, Finch and Brennan 1995 - selecting for game sps may make habitat suitable for others as well but opposite is also true Runge et al 2019 - conservation focuses on selecting umbrella sps/use in computing and modelling powers means multi sps approaches more feasible/sage grouse provided protections for 83% of vertebrates, 6 special sps prevalent Thomas-Walters and Raihini 2017 - flagship sps more likely to attract funding
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Landscape vs Single Sps Approaches - Single Sps Cons |
Runge et al 2019 - provided worse protection for 10 sos like the desert spiny lizard Seddon and Leech 2008 - extensive knowledge of umbrella sps and all other sps requirements and habitat needs needed, time consuming process that may go wrong and not benefit all taxa |
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Cultural Practices - Bushmeat Consumption |
Fa et al 2007 - 90% mammals, mainly ungulates and apes Milner-Gulland et al 2003 - 1 million-3.4 million tonnes in Centra Africa Ripple et al 2016 - 301 terrestrial mammals threatened, primates, even toed inculcates and bats with the three most threatened groups Redford 1992 - many frugivorous, important for health of forest in long term |
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Cultural Practices - Bushmeat Consumption |
Fa et al 2007 - 90% mammals, mainly ungulates and apes Milner-Gulland et al 2003 - 1 million-3.4 million tonnes in Centra Africa Ripple et al 2016 - 301 terrestrial mammals threatened, primates, even toed inculcates and bats with the three most threatened groups Redford 1992 - many frugivorous, important for health of forest in long term |
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Cultural Practices - Traditional Medicine |
Newman et al 2008 - 80% of the world rely on traditional medicine Mittermeier et al 2007 - many Asian langur sps endangered to satisfy demand for body parts for medicine, leads to local extinction, urban demand and market encourage over exploitation da Nobrega Alves, da Silva Vieira and Santana 2008 - 53% of reptiles used for traditions medicine endangered, 1/2 turtle and freshwater tortoise sps in Asia critically or endangered, rattlesnakes in Mexico declined and crocodiles in Nigeria Wyler and Sheikh 2009 - $20bn, second only to drugs and arms trafficking Li and Li 1998 - value and high demand leads to exploitation, demand met from neighbouring countries, depleting surrounding areas and causing disease Servheen 1999 - South Korean black bears extinct, wild bile had more value, North America will become the target |
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Cultural Practices - Bushmeat Consumption |
Fa et al 2007 - 90% mammals, mainly ungulates and apes Milner-Gulland et al 2003 - 1 million-3.4 million tonnes in Centra Africa Ripple et al 2016 - 301 terrestrial mammals threatened, primates, even toed inculcates and bats with the three most threatened groups Redford 1992 - many frugivorous, important for health of forest in long term |
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Cultural Practices - Traditional Medicine |
Newman et al 2008 - 80% of the world rely on traditional medicine Mittermeier et al 2007 - many Asian langur sps endangered to satisfy demand for body parts for medicine, leads to local extinction, urban demand and market encourage over exploitation da Nobrega Alves, da Silva Vieira and Santana 2008 - 53% of reptiles used for traditions medicine endangered, 1/2 turtle and freshwater tortoise sps in Asia critically or endangered, rattlesnakes in Mexico declined and crocodiles in Nigeria Wyler and Sheikh 2009 - $20bn, second only to drugs and arms trafficking Li and Li 1998 - value and high demand leads to exploitation, demand met from neighbouring countries, depleting surrounding areas and causing disease Servheen 1999 - South Korean black bears extinct, wild bile had more value, North America will become the target |
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Cultural Practices - Entertainment |
Pets Jepson and Ladle 2005 - 60% Indonesian birds wild caught, 2.5 million birds acquired each year, 850,000 of which are wild caught, not counting mortality Nekaris, Shepherd, Starr, Nijman 2010 - slow loris long lived so pops recover slowly Wright et al 2001 - parrot decline worldwide Chardonnet et al 2002 - mortality 50-90% Wildlife Attractions Moorhouse et al 2015 - tourists can’t spot violations Trophy Hunting Packer et al 2011 - main factor in lion decline in Tanzania, benefits for leopards means hunting them is stable, prime male focus has huge impacts and pop decline is sign of over exploitation |
