Congenital Heart Defects

Front 1

48M in hosp underwent CABG recently.
develops 10min breathlessness, no chest pain.
Grey, sweaty. HR 120 reg, impalpable during inspiration.
BP 78/40, raised JVP.
reduced ECG voltage, muffled heart sounds.

Back 1

CARDIAC TAMPONADE

Front 2

mitral stenosis MS, is almost always due to what

Back 2

rheumatic fever

Front 3

clinical presentation & examination of MS

Back 3

malar flush, fatigue, dyspnoea
AF, tapping apex beat
rumbling mid-diastolic murmur

Front 4

loud pan-systolic murmur heard throughout precordium -->radiates to axilla

Back 4

mitral regurgitation

Front 5

collapsing pulse, displaced apex, soft early diastolic <> murmur left sternal edge

Back 5

aortic regurgitation

Front 6

6 common ACYANOTIC congenital heart defects

Back 6

VSD & ASD
patent ductus arteriosus
AS & PS
coarctation of aorta

Front 7

6 CYANOTIC congenital heart defects

Back 7

tetrology of fallot
transposition
ebstein's anomaly (with ASD)
hypoplastic LH
total anomalous po venous drainage
tricuspid/ po atresia

Front 8

4 classifications of cardiomyopathies

Back 8

hypertrophic
idiopathic
restrictive
alcohol-assoc

Front 9

NYHA 4 functional class associations of breathlessness

Back 9

1- severe exertion, no limitation
2- ordinary activities
3- less than normal activities, minimal limitation
4- at rest.

Front 10

6 aetiologies of cardiac valve diseases

Back 10

congenital
Infective
Rheumatic
Ischaemic
Degenerative
Misc

Front 11

3 heart conditions predisposing to endocarditis

Back 11

congenital heart disease
valvular heart disease
prosthetic heart valves

Front 12

6 causes of AF

Back 12

thyrotoxicosis
HTN
Ischaemia
Rheumatic heart disease / Infection
Alcohol
lone Af

Front 13

some causes of SOB (7- not just cardiac)

Back 13

cardiac failure
valvular heart disease
obstructive airways disease
restrictive lung disease
Po HTN
PE
anaemia

Front 14

what are the first identifiable cardiac precursors arranged on both sides of teh cardiac axis?

Back 14

angiogenic cell clusters

Front 15

2 cardiac tubes fuse where in the embryo to form what

Back 15

form on ventral surface --> primitive heart tube

Front 16

what 3 structures are unique to the foetus

Back 16

ductus arteriosus
foramen ovale
ductus venosus

Front 17

what are most congenital heart abnormalities due to?

Back 17

unknown

Front 18

what does acyanotic mean

" " cyanotic " "

Back 18

normal amount of O2 in bloodstream

not enough O2 in blood stream

Front 19

where in the aorta does coarctation normally occur, what other heart abnormality also occurs with this

acyanotic or cyanotic?

Back 19

distal to the left subclavian branch.
biscuspid aortic valve --> aortic stenosis (AS)
(may have patent ductus arteriosus)

ACYANOTIC

Front 20

whats tetrology of fallot (tetra = 4)

acyanotic or cyanotic?

Back 20

CYANOTIC

Front 21

what's tricuspid and po atresia

acyanotic or cyanotic?

Back 21

valves fail to open- remain closed
usually an ASD or VSD shunts blood into left heart/ aorta

CYANOTIC

Front 22

what's truncus arteriosus

acyanotic or cyanotic?

Back 22

aorta & po trunk openings fused to one, VSD
CYANOTIC

Front 23

what's total anomalous po venous connection

Back 23

po veins fail to drain into LA. drain into systemic veins/ RA.
ASD/ foramen ovale important for LV output.

CYANOTIC

Front 24

what causes hypoplastic left heart syndrome

acyanotic or cyanotic?

Back 24

patent ductus arteriosus
RV overtakes systemic output
CYANOTIC

Front 25

what's ebstein's anomaly?

acyanotic or cyanotic?

Back 25

TR + ASD

ACYANOTIC

Front 26

3 congenital/ inherited rhythm disorders

Back 26

tachycardia --> SVT
bradycardia
long QT syndrome