Conduction System Of The Heart & Cardiac Cycle

Front 1

What type of blood do arteries carry in systemic circulation?

Back 1

Oxygenated.
However, it carries deoxygenated blood in pulmonary circulation.

Front 2

Walls of blood vessels are made up of three tunics. What are these layers and what are each made of?

Back 2

1) Tunica externa: CT
2) Tunica media: smooth musc.
3) Tunica interna: elastin, basement memb, and innermost simple squamous epithelium

Front 3

T or F: Veins are capacitance vessels (blood reservoirs).

Back 3

True: Veins contain most of the blood in the circulatory system.

Front 4

What is the pressure which drives blood flow through systemic circulation caused by?

Back 4

Left ventricular contraction

Front 5

Where is stroke volume ejected?

Back 5

The aorta

Front 6

What is the formula to calculate Mean Arterial Pressure? What formula can estimate MAP?

Back 6

MAP = SV x HR X TPR
(stroke volume x heart rate x total peripheral resistance)
...
This can be rewritten as CO x TPR.
...
To estimate MAP...add diastolic pressure + 1/3(pulse pressure)

Front 7

Pulse Pressure

Back 7

The pressure wave transmitted through the elastic walls of large arteries resulting from a left ventricular contraction. Can be detected by palpitation of the radial artery in the wrist.

Front 8

Total Peripheral Resistance

Back 8

The resistance to blood flow through the entire ARTERIOLE system. Determines the rate of blood flow.

Front 9

Hypertension

Back 9

Chronically elevated BP.
Essential- unclear, multifactorial causes
Secondary- results from a condition

Front 10

The body can detect changes in BP using stretch-sensitive mechanoreceptors. What are these called? Where are they located.

Back 10

Barorecptors.
Located in the walls of the carotid artery and the aortic arch.

Front 11

T or F: Vascular smooth muscle cells are innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers.

Back 11

False: VSM is innervated by sympathetic nerve fibers only.

Front 12

T or F: Vasoconstriction on kidney arterioles increases BP.

Back 12

True! This minimizes urine production, decreasing urine output. Thus, more blood volume means a greater BP.

Front 13

T or F: A decrease in SV will increase BP.

Back 13

False.

Front 14

T or F: Inhibition of the sympathetic nerve activity will reduce cardiac output.

Back 14

True. This will reduce SV and heart rate, causing relaxation of arterial smooth muscle and reducing BP.

Front 15

T or F: The baroreceptor reflex is more sensitive to increases in BP.

Back 15

False. The baroreceptor is more sensitive to DECREASES in BP.

Front 16

Filtration

Back 16

Flow of plasma out of the capillaries and into the tissues.

Front 17

Absorption

Back 17

Flow of interstitial fluid into the capillaries.

Front 18

Hydrostatic Pressure

Back 18

Pressure in the capillaries

Front 19

T or F: Pressure rises as blood moves through the capillaries.

Back 19

False. Pressure FALLS as blood moves through the capillaries.

Front 20

Colloid Osmotic Pressure (Oncotic Pressure)

Back 20

The pressure created by diffusion of water form a fluid with a low osmolarity to a fluid with a higher osmolarity.

Front 21

T or F: Hydrostatic pressure drives filtration and osmotic pressure drives absorption.

Back 21

True

Front 22

Starling Forces

Back 22

Opposing hydrostatic and osmotic pressures which determine the DIRECTION of fluid motion at a specific region of a capillary.

Front 23

T or F: The higher BP at the arterial side of capillaries ensures that the Starling forces will promote net absorption of fluid from the capillaries.

Back 23

False. It will promote net filtration.

Front 24

T or F: At the venous end of the capillaries, the fall in BP promotes net reabsorption of fluid back into the capillaries.

Back 24

True. This reabsorption is driven by colloid osmotic pressure.

Front 25

T or F: The lymphatic system absorbs excess interstitial fluid and returns it to the vascular system.

Back 25

True.

Front 26

Oedema

Back 26

Excess accumulation of fluid in the tissues caused by excess filtration or by poor lymphatic drainage.

Front 27

T or F: Blood is the largest organ in the body.

Back 27

True

Front 28

What are the 4 components of blood?

Back 28

Plasma
RBC (erythrocytes)
WBC (leukocytes)
Platelets (thrombocytes)

Front 29

What is the fractional contribution of RBC compared to total blood volume known as?

Back 29

Hematocrit

Front 30

T or F: Erythrocytes are the most abundant cell type, contain hemoglobin, and have nuclei, mitochondria, and ribosomes.

Back 30

False: RBCs are the most abundant type of blood cell and do function to transport O2/CO2 in the blood. However, the do NOT have nuclei, mitochondria, or ribosomes.

Front 31

Anemia

Back 31

A decrease in O2 carrying capacity in the blood.
Can be caused by either a low hematocrit or by a normal hermatocrit with a low concentration of hemoglobin.

Front 32

T or F: Anemia results in hypoxia, a condition in which there is insufficient CO2 to perform metabolic functions.

Back 32

False: Hypoxia is a condition in which there is insufficient 02 to perform metabolic functions.

Front 33

Which 3 subtypes of leukocytes participate in phagocytosis?

Back 33

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Monocytes.

Front 34

Which subtype of WBCs releases hydrolytic enzymes and histamine?

Back 34

Basophils

Front 35

Lymphocytes are one of five subtypes of WBCs. What are the three subtypes of lymphocytes?

Back 35

B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and Natural Killer Cells.

Front 36

What do B lymphocytes mature into?

Back 36

Plasma cells which secrete antibodies.

Front 37

What are the two types of T lymphocytes?

Back 37

Helper T cells: secrete cytokins which activate other leukocytes &
Cytotoxic T cells: secrete factors that kill virus-infected and tumor cells

Front 38

What do Natural Killer cells secrete?

Back 38

Also secrete factors that kill virus and tumor cells, like cytotocix T cells do.

Front 39

What do platelets help do?

Back 39

Platelets participate in the arresting of blood loss to maintain haemostasis.

Front 40

What are the 3 steps of haemostasis?

Back 40

1) Vascular Spasm
2) Formation of platelet plug
3) Formation of a blood clot

Front 41

What is the coagulation cascade?

Back 41

Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin.