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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Stimulus |
Something in the environment |
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Response |
A behavior or process. Includes sleeping and thinking, as well as over activities like eating or talking |
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Learning is |
A link between a stimulus and a response, or an S-R bond |
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Unconditioned? In classical learning it means |
Unlearned It means associations that don't have to be taught |
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Classical Conditioning |
Form of learning where a neutral stimulus gains importance by its association with with a non-neutral stimulus. |
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The stimulus that initially produces no response (which is?) is followed by? |
(CS before training) A US that that produces a defensive or appetitive UR. |
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What is training? |
Repeated US and CS pairings. |
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Acquisition |
Acquisition is the initial learning stage in classical conditioning in which an association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus takes place. |
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In most cases, for conditioning to occur, the neutral stimulus needs to come? How long should there be between the two? |
Neutral stimulus needs to come before the US. Time should be about half a second |
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What type of conditioning will have the best learning? |
Delay conditioning |
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What is trace conditioning? How does it fare compared to delay? |
Trace conditioning has longer interstimulus intervals. Results in worse intervals. |
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What is backwards conditioning? What does it result in? |
US then CS; No learning |
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What is extinction? |
When the US doesn't follow the CS, CR begins to decrease and is eventually extinguished. |
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What is Spontaneous Recovery? |
After a rest period, an extinguished CR (salivation) spontaneously recovers, but if the CS (tone) persists alone, the CR becomes extinct again. |
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Stimulus generalization |
Tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the CS. Pavlov's dogs would respond to a different bell. |
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Stimulus Discrimination |
Learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal a US Dog salivates to 256c/s tone, not to 356 c/s tone/ |
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Discrimination can untrain _____. How? |
Can untrain generalization, by presenting the new stimulus without the US. |
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What is higher-order conditioning? |
A neutral stimulus becomes a CS after being paired with an already established CS. |
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Examples of CR in appetitive conditioning: |
Pavlov's dog's salivation. Quails: Light (CS) leading to mounting (CR) |
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Examples of Aversive conditioning: |
Fly Shock: CR is attempt to escape Conditioned Emotional response: CR is freezing Eye blink: CR is blink |
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What is Appetitive Conditioning? |
New reflex prepares to obtain the US |
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What is Aversive Conditioning? |
New CS -> CR reflex helps avoid noxious US |
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Can the CR be different from the UR? What would prove this? |
Yes the CR can be very different. Eyeblink conditioning. Initially is rapid, becomes slower. |
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How does blocking work? Analogy |
When light and tone are trained at the same time, both produce a modest reaction. When pre-trained with light, tone produces no reaction. Think of the stock analyst Anne who is already perfect. Why would you need Jeff, who may be just as perfect, but is redundant. |
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What is happening when blocking occurs? What does this suggest? |
Prior experience with the light + US association blocks learning. Suggests that classical conditioning is about tracking information in the environment |
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Process of Latent Inhibition |
Pre-expose to CS repeatedly. Then pair CS with US. Learning is inhibited. Animal has learned that CS is useless and has stopped paying attention. |
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Associative Bias: When tone + taste paired with Nausea: When tone + taste paired with shock: |
Some associations are easier to make. 1: Only taste provokes CR 2: Only Tone provokes CR |
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Conditioned Taste Aversion |
One trial learning where we avoid food/drinks that have made us feel sick |
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Conditioned Emotional Response Ex: |
Produced by a neutral stimulus that has been paired with with an emotion-producing stimulus. Some stimuli automatically produce fear reactions, like loud noises. Ex: Pairing a tone with a shock (CER) then only using tone |
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US Modulation Approaches -- in which learning |
changes processing of the US |
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CS Modulation Approaches -- in which learning |
changes processing of the CS |
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Rescola Wagner model highlights importance of |
expectancy |
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According to R-S model: for conditioning to occur |
the US must be surprising, which then activates a memory search which leads to associative learning. |
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So, according to R-S model unexpected stimuli... |
Unexpected stimuli will be learned, while expected stimuli will not. Strength of association depends on level of surprise |
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Mackintosh has proposed a model of classical conditioning focused on... |
attention, and the way the CS is processed. |
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According to Mackintosh model, stimuli have a _____ that determines ______. |
salience; attention |
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According to Mackintosh model, repeated exposure with no consequences decreases... |
salience (attention); a form of habituation. |
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According to Mackintosh model, in latent inhibition, pre-exposure to the CS decreases... |
attention for that stimulus, making it harder to learn about in the training phase. |
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______ model was an attempt to integrate both CS and US models |
Wagner's Soap |
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Thompson and associated discovered that eyeblink conditioning in rabbits depended on the ____ |
cerebellum |
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What is the CS input Pathway? |
1. Sensory Nuclei of the Pontine Nuclei 2. Mossy Fibers split to: granule cells in the cerebellar cortex and to the inerpositus nucleus in the cerebellum |
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US input pathway? |
1. Inferior olive of midbrain to fibers that split to: 1a: Interpositus Nucleus 2a: Purkinje neurons in the cerebellar cortex |
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Purkinje cells of _____ _____, which collect both _____ and _____ input |
Cerebellar cortex; CS and US input |
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Function of Purkinje cells? |
1. Inhibits output neurons of the interpositus, which can activate CR |
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Interpositus output also inhibits |
initial stage of US pathway |
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Interpositus can generate: |
CRs but not URs |
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CS-US association may be stored in: |
Purkinje cells, Cerebellar interpositus nucleus |
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In many well-trained animals, the Purkinje cells switch off in response to the CS, causing what to happen? |
Shutting off the Purkinje inhibition to the interpositus the CS to generate CRs. |
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Brain stimulation as opposed to normal training saw what kinds of results in the eyeblink tests? |
Similar results |
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Conditioning is impaired when the ______ is damaged. Why? |
Cerebellum. because the CR's output pathway is the interpositus nucleus of the cerebellum |
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How does removal of the Hippocampus affect CC? |
Does not alter basic paradigms, but does eliminate latent inhibition. |
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Perhaps US modulation occurs in the ____, and CS modulation occurs in the ____ |
Cerebellum; Hippocampus and temporal lobe |
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Hippocampal _____ waves, present during REM sleep and learning, may facilitate memory storage. |
Theta |
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Can an Aplysia's siphon-withdrawal reflex be classically trained? Example: |
Yes. Ex: Pair non-senitizing sail shock (US) with light touch (CS) |
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There is _____ _____ enhancement when classically conditioning Aplysia? |
Activity-dependent |
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For invertebrates, with repeated training, _____ are activated and return to the _____ to alter which genes are activated. |
Proteins; Nucleus |
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What does the protein CREB-1 do? CREB-2 |
CREB-1: activated by repeated training, promotes synapse growth CREB-2: Shut off, as it inhibits synapse growth |
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A conditioned compensatory response is |
a CR that is the opposite of the UR, helping to balance/correct for the US-UR reflex. |
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Adrenaline example of conditioned compensatory response: |
Injecting adrenaline (US) causes heart rate increase (UR). CR is the room where it happens.Do it enough times and CR causes decrease in heart rate to maintain homeostasis. |
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Drug tolerance increases with drug use in the same |
context. It is situation-specific |
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Drug addiction and CCRs. |
Environmental CSs like smell of drug and environment produce compensatory responses to drug that are opposite of its effects, which then leads to craving the drug |