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143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
public speaking
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event where group agree that one person will speak and direct event
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second orality
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preference for tv,internet direct communication
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rhetoric
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persuasion
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mutuality of concern
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where speakers can anticipate each others words
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Informative speaking: dialogue speakers
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show respect for different opinions, invitational rhetoric-persuade but invite participation
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Meaning: social construction of meaning
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meaning is made together,not alone
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meaning: contextual
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meaning made by situation or context
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meaning: discourse communities
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meaning worked out over time
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Public speaking draws from these three skill
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writing, conversation, performance
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four stages of learning skills
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1)unconscious incompetence, 2)conscious incompetence 3)conscious competence, 4)unconscious competence
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Five Stages of Public Speaking
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1) Plan 2) investigate 3) compose
4) practice 5) present |
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Four Stages of Creativity/Planning
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1) preparation 2) incubation
3) illumination 4) refinement |
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Different communicative resources depended on in different phases
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writing=preparation
performance=practice conversation= delivery |
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Audience Analysis
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audience drives the message, analyze audience demographics
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Relating to an audience: oblivious, adapting, respecting and understanding
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oblivious=worst understanding
adapting=better understanding respecting/understanding= best understanding |
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Audience attitude toward topic
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favorable, neutral, unfavorable
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credibility
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percieved qualities that make listener inclined to believe speaker
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hecklers
1rst level tactics 2nd level tactics |
1rst level tactics- common ground, fair play, tone of reasonableness
2nd level- zinger, enough is enough |
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Hedgers
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show uncertainty
i think, maybe, possibly |
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message type
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physical, noise, psychological
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Aristotle: Ethos
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persuasion by speakers credibility/ trustworthiness
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Aristotle mode of persuasion
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Ethos, Logos, Pathos
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Aristotle Logos:
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persuasion by appealing to audience logic
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Aristotle: Pathos
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persuasion by appealing to audience emotions
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Three types of ethos
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Prior, Demonstrates, terminal
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Primary audience outcome
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if speech is success what will audience do
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contributing audience outcomes
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contribute to primary audience outcome
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Types of speech topics:
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informative, persuasive, evocative, invitational
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Informative speech topic
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topic that informs audience
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Persuasive speech topics
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topics aimed at persuading audience
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Invitations speech topics
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invite audience to explore topic
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Evocative speech topics
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topics that evoke emotion in audience
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Mutually exclusive main points
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main point that exclude ideas subsumed by other categories
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coordinate points
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points of equal importance
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subordinate points
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points of lesser importance that support other ideas
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Organizing main points by:
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chronological, topical, cause-effect, spatial, problem-solution,
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Chronological main point organization
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organizing main points by time
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Spatial main point organization:
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organizing main points by physical location or geography
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cause-effect main point organization
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organizing main point by cause and effect
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problem-solution main point organization
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organizing main points by problems and solutions
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Topical pattern main point organization
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developing each main point on its own without any order or organization
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Connectives
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Chronological, cause-effect, equality, opposition, part to whole,
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chronological connective
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next, after, before, second type of connective
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cause and effect connective
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because, which led to, caused, since, thus, therefore, consequently type of connective
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equality type of connective
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similarly, equally, another, also connective
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opposition type connective
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but, in contrast, however, conversely, on the contrary, connective
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internal preview
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preview point before covering it
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internal summary
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review point after covering it
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Logical orientation
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preview of what will be discussed in introduction
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common attention getter pitfalls
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bad joke,poorly told joke, inappropriate, attention getter
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code switching
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changing dialect between cultures
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culture
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group of similar interest
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goal of public speaking
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increase audience knowledge
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golden rule of audience analysis
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audience drives the message
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cognitive discidence
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appearance sends different message then contenct
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five canons of rhetoric:
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invention, disposition, style, memory, delivery
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first canon of rhetoric
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invention: pick topic, brainstorm, narrow, research
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second canon of rhetoric
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dispositon: structure hook-three part intro-body-conclusion-impact
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third canon rhetoric
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style: how speech is dressed, language used
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fourth canon of rhetoric
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memory "the lost canon"
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fifth canon of rhetoric
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delievery
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overcoming fear of speaking
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cognitive restructuring, classifying fears
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Modes of delivery
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Extemporaneous, impromptu, manuscript, memory
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Four steps of extemporaneous speech
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1) full outline 2) key words 3) word speech 4) note card
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Practice pitfalls
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over practice, too much feedback, mental not verbal practice
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Practicing speech stages
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early stages,middle stages, final stages
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early stages practice
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flesh out outline
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middle stages practice
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get feedback practice stage
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final stage practice
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refine stage practice
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vocal delivery
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variety of pitch, rate, volume
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physical delivery
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make only relevant and purposeful movements
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Informative speech strategies
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avoid overload, simple to complex, familiar-unfamiliar, speech strategies
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Techniques of clear explanation
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organizers, emphasis clues, liberal examples, analogies, repetition, multiple channels techniques of
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presentation aides
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must increase knowledge, relevant, appropriate, add communicative dimension beyond vocal delivery
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Style
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choice of words and how speaker strings them together
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Oral styles
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reference to time, cant go forward or backwards, reviews, repetitions, shorter sentences/phrases, signpost,
internal summaries, preiews |
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writtin styles
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no reference to time. reader can go back and forward in time. precise,specific,not wordy.
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immediacy
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not having barriers between audience speaker
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three purposes of any speech
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evoke, inform, persuade
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research
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more unfavorable audience is, more research draw from
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Supporting materials
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Definitions, Statistics, examples, testimony
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Logical definition
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dictionary definition
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etymological/historical definition
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definition from history or root of word used
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operational definition
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process/steps that make up definition
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definition by example
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example used to define
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definition by authority
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definition by boss or supreme court
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factual example
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real life actual example
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hypothetical example
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made up scenario as example
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statistic: fallacy of average
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using misleading reference to "average"
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Statistic: fallacy of unknown base
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using misleading statistic that disreguards where sample is from
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Statistic: fallacy or arbitrary time frame
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statistic from special time that does not reflect accuracy
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testimonies
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using people statements to get point across
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Reasoning
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process of understanding something new by analyzing what we already know
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claims
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statements that need to be substantiated because the audience does not take them for granted
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warrant
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line between claim and evidence/data
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inductive reasoning
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reasoning where evidence is used to establish pattern
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deductive reasoning
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reasoning by using what is already known
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Deductive reasoning: major premise
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broad statement of relationship with deductive reasoning
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deductive reasoning:minor premise
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using major premise to make another connection deductive reasoning
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causal reasoning
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reasoning: two events occur together and one causes another
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reasoning by analogy
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reasoning: comparing uncertainty thing to similar thing that is known
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Ad hominem reasoning fallacy
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Reasoning fallacy:substituting character assassination for logic
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straw figure fallacy reasoning fallacy
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reasoning fallacy:building p flimsy argument then destroying it
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reasoning fallacy of absurd extreme
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reasoning fallacy: taking point to extreme where it can be ridiculed
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reasoning fallacy: slippery slope
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reasoning fallacy: one thing will automatically lead to another
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Circular reasoning fallacy
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reasoning fallacy: argument assumes conclusion it is trying to prove as premise
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semantic reasoning fallacy
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reasoning fallacy: change definition mid reasoning
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false dichotomy reasoning fallacy
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reasoning fallacy: reasoning based on either or statement when other options available
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hasty generalization reasoning fallacy
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reasoning fallacy of stereotype or generalization
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post hoc reasoning fallacy
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reasoning fallacy: this occurred after this there fore it caused it
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Motivational appeals
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devoid emotion, moderate emotion, excessive emotion
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relate speech to listeners needs:
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survival, security, belongingness, esteem, self actualization needs
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Persuasive strategies
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adjust content based on audience favorabeness
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persuasive speaking
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speaking when trying to change audience
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three propositions of persuasive speaking
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fact, value, policy
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Alan Monroe motivational sequence
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attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, action
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Point organization of persuasive speech
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put strongest point first or last
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primacy principle
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what is said first
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recency principle
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what is said last
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refutation technique
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aknowledging argument and refuting it
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Plato
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father of public speaking
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Plato: dialect
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but best minds together and eliminate possibilities
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Aristotle
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Rhetoric
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Aristotle three types of truth
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1) objective truth
2) subjective truth 3) intersubjective truth |
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Aristotle First type of truth
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Objective truth: always true
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Aristotle Second type of truth
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subjective truth: may be true for one person but not all people
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Aristotle third type of truth
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intersubjective truth: attitude found for most of society
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Stephen Toulmin model of argument
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claim-warrant-evidence
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Three types of Claims/Propositions of persuasive speech
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1) proposition/claim of fact
2)proposition/claim of value 3) propositon/ claim of policy |
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Nine Figures of argument
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accumulation, anithesis, catalogue, correctio, example, exemplum, hyperbole, praeteritio, prolesis
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Figure of Argument 1: accumulation
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figure of arguments with two or more points in a sentence that say same thing for clarity and emphasis
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figure of argument 2: antithesis
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figure or argument where two or more clause in a sentence oppose each other to chow difference in choice of thinking
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figure of argument 3: catalogue
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figure of argument where list things to show parallel relationship between them
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figure of argument 4: correctio
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figure of argument where modification of what has been said into fitting statement
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figure of argument 5: example
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figure of argument where citation from past is used to show something has or has not worked before
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figures of argument 6: exemplum
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figures of argument where direct quote used to appeal to authority
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figures or argument 7: hyperbole
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figure of argument with irrational exageration of truth
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figures of argument 8: praeteritio
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figure of argument of referring to something by pretending you are not going to refer to it
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figure of argument 9: prolesis
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figure of argument by anticipating refutation and establish common ground
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inherency
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what is preventing problem from beig solved
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structural inherency
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law, structure, guideline preventing problem from being solved
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attitudinal inherency
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societies attitude preventing problem from being solved
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solvency
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solution and proof that solution works
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